Management of acute respiratory complications from influenza a (H1N1) infection: Experience of a tertiary-level intensive care unit

Background. The novel influenza A (H1N1) pandemic was associated with an epidemic of critical illness. Methods. We describe the clinical profiles of critically ill patients with severe complications due to microbiologically confirmed pandemic influenza A (H1N1) infection admitted to a medical ICU in Monza, Italy, over a 6-month period. Results. From August 2009 to January 2010, 19 patients (13 adults and 6 children) required ICU admission. Nine subjects were referred to our hospital from other ICUs. In all patients, with the exception of a case of severe septic shock, the cause of ICU admission was acute respiratory failure. Other nonpulmonary organ failures were common. A trial of non-invasive ventilation was attempted in 13 cases and was successful in four of them. The majority of the patients required invasive mechanical ventilation. In the 7 most severely hypoxemic patients, we applied veno-venous ECLS, with a very high rate of success. The median ICU stay was 9 days (range 1-78 days). Sixteen out of 19 (84%) patients survived. Conclusion. In the majority of our patients, critical illness caused by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) was associated with severe hypoxemia multiple organ failure, requirement for mechanical ventilation and frequent use of rescue therapies and ECLS support.