Epidemiology, practice of ventilation and outcome for patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: LAS VEGAS - An observational study in 29 countries

Schultz, Marcus J.; Hemmes, Sabrine N. T.; Neto, Ary Serpa; Binnekade, Jan M.; Canet, Jaume; Hedenstierna, Goran; Jaber, Samir; Hiesmayr, Michael; Hollmann, Markus W.; Mills, Gary H.; Vidal Melo, Marcos F.; Pearse, Rupert; Putensen, Christian; Schmid, Werner; Severgnini, Paolo; Wrigge, Hermann; De Abreu, Marcelo Gama; Pelosi, Paolo; Kroell, W.; Metzler, H.; Struber, G.; Wegscheider, T.; Gombotz, H.; Urbanek, B.; Leva, B.; Damster, S.; Plichon, B.; Kahn, D.; Momeni, M.; Pospiech, A.; Lois, F.; Forget, P.; Grosu, I.; Poelaert, J.; van Mossevelde, V.; van Malderen, M. C.; Dylst, D.; van Melkebeek, J.; Beran, M.; de Hert, S.; De Baerdemaeker, L.; Heyse, B.; van Limmen, J.; Wyffels, P.; Jacobs, T.; Roels, N.; De Bruyne, A.; van de Velde, S.; Juros-Zovko, M.; Djonovic-Omanovic, D.; Pernar, S.; Zunic, J.; Miskovic, P.; Zilic, A.; Kvolik, S.; Ivic, D.; Azenic-Venzera, D.; Skiljic, S.; Vinkovic, H.; Oputric, I.; Juricic, K.; Frkovic, V.; Kopic, J.; Mirkovic, I.; Karanovic, N.; Carev, M.; Dropulic, N.; Pavicic-Ṧaric, J.; Erceg, G.; Bogdanovic Dvorcak, M.; Mazul-Sunko, B.; Pavicic, A. M.; Goranovic, T.; Maldini, B.; Radocaj, T.; Gavranovic, Z.; Mladic-Batinica, I.; Sehovic, M.; Stourac, P.; Harazim, H.; Smekalova, O.; Kosinova, M.; Kolacek, T.; Hudacek, K.; Drab, M.; Brujevic, J.; Vitkova, K.; Jirmanova, K.; Volfova, I.; Dzurnakova, P.; Liskova, K.; Dudas, R.; Filipsky, R.; El Kafrawy, S.; Hosny Abdelwahab, H.; Metwally, T.; Abdel-Razek, A.; El-Shaarawy, A. M.; Fathy Hasan, W.; Gouda Ahmed, A.; Yassin, H.; Magdy, M.; Abdelhady, M.; Mahran, M.; Herodes, E.; Kivik, P.; Oganjan, J.; Aun, A.; Sormus, A.; Sarapuu, K.; Mall, M.; Karjagin, J.; Futier, E.; Petit, A.; Gerard, A.; Marret, E.; Solier, M.; Prades, A.; Krassler, J.; Merzky, S.; Uhlig, C.; Kiss, T.; Bundy, A.; Bluth, T.; Güldner, A.; Spieth, P.; Scharffenberg, M.; Tran Thiem, D.; Koch, T.; Treschan, T.; Schaefer, M.; Bastin, B.; Geib, J.; Weiss, M.; Kienbaum, P.; Pannen, B.; Gottschalk, A.; Konrad, M.; Westerheide, D.; Schwerdtfeger, B.; Simon, P.; Reske, A.; Nestler, C.; Valsamidis, D.; Stroumpoulis, K.; Antholopoulos, G.; Andreou, A.; Karapanos, D.; Theodoraki, K.; Gkiokas, G.; Tasoulis, M. K.; Sidiropoulou, T.; Zafeiropoulou, F.; Florou, P.; Pandazi, A.; Tsaousi, G.; Nouris, C.; Pourzitaki, C.; Bystritski, D.; Pizov, R.; Eden, A.; Pesce, C. V.; Campanile, A.; Marrella, A.; Grasso, S.; De Michele, M.; Bona, F.; Giacoletto, G.; Sardo, E.; Giancarlo, L.; Sottosanti, V.; Solca, M.; Volta, C. A.; Spadaro, S.; Verri, M.; Ragazzi, R.; Zoppellari, R.; Cinnella, G.; Raimondo, P.; La Bella, D.; Mirabella, L.; D'Antini, D.; Molin, A.; Brunetti, I.; Gratarola, A.; Pellerano, G.; Sileo, R.; Pezzatto, S.; Montagnani, L.; Pasin, L.; Landoni, G.; Zangrillo, A.; Beretta, L.; Di Parma, A. L.; Tarzia, V.; Dossi, R.; Sassone, M. E.; Sances, D.; Tredici, S.; Spano, G.; Castellani, G.; Delunas, L.; Peradze, S.; Venturino, M.; Arpino, I.; Sher, S.; Tommasino, C.; Rapido, F.; Morelli, P.; Vargas, M.; Servillo, G.; Cortegiani, A.; Raineri, S. M.; Montalto, F.; Russotto, V.; Giarratano, A.; Baciarello, M.; Generali, M.; Cerati, G.; Leykin, Y.; Bressan, F.; Bartolini, V.; Zamidei, L.; Brazzi, L.; Liperi, C.; Sales, G.; Pistidda, L.; Brugnoni, E.; Musella, G.; Bacuzzi, A.; Muhardri, D.; Gecaj-Gashi, A.; Sada, F.; Bytyqi, A.; Karbonskiene, A.; Aukstakalniene, R.; Teberaite, Z.; Salciute, E.; Tikuisis, R.; Miliauskas, P.; Jurate, S.; Kontrimaviciute, E.; Tomkute, G.; Xuereb, J.; Bezzina, M.; Borg, F. J.; Wiersma, I.; Bos, L.; Boer, C.; Duvekot, A.; In't Veld, B.; Werger, A.; Dennesen, P.; Severijns, C.; de Jong, J.; Hering, J.; van Beek, R.; Ivars, S.; Jammer, I.; Breidablik, A.; Skirstad Hodt, K.; Fjellanger, F.; Vicoavalos, M.; Mellin-Olsen, J.; Andersson, E.; Shafi-Kabiri, A.; Molina, R.; Wutai, S.; Morais, E.; Tareco, G. R.; Ferreira, D.; Amaral, J.; Gonçalves Castro, M. L.; Cadilha, S.; Appleton, S.; Parente, S.; PAULINO GOMES CORREIA, MARIA DULCE; Martins, D.; Monteirosa, A.; GARCIA DE CASTRO INSUA, RICARDO ANTONIO; Rodrigues, S.; Horhota, L.; Grintescu, I. M.; Mirea, L.; Grintescu, I. C.; Corneci, D.; Negoita, S.; Dutu, M.; Popescu Garotescu, I.; Filipescu, D.; Prodan, A. B.; Droc, G.; Fota, R.; Popescu, M.; Tomescu, D.; Petcu, A. M.; Tudoroiu, M. I.; Moise, A.; Guran, C. T.; Gherghina, I.; Costea, D.; Cindea, I.; Copotoiu, S. M.; Copotoiu, R.; Barsan, V.; Tolcser, Z.; Riciu, M.; Moldovan, G. S.; Veres, M.; Gritsan, A.; Kapkan, T.; Gritsan, G.; Korolkov, O.; Kulikov, A.; Lubnin, A.; Ovezov, A.; Prokoshev, P.; Lugovoy, A.; Anipchenko, N.; Babayants, A.; Komissarova, I.; Zalina, K.; Likhvantsev, V.; Fedorov, S.; Lazukic, A.; Pejakovic, J.; Mihajlovic, D.; Kusnierikova, Z.; Zelinkova, M.; Bruncakova, K.; Polakovicova, L.; Sobona, V.; Novak-Supe, B.; Pekle-Golez, A.; Jovanov, M.; Strazisar, B.; Markovic-Bozic, J.; Novak-Jankovic, V.; Voje, M.; Grynyuk, A.; Kostadinov, I.; Spindler-Vesel, A.; Moral, V.; Unzueta, C.; Puigbo, C.; Fava, J.; Moret, E.; Rodriguez Nunez, M. N.; Sendra, M.; Brunelli, A.; Rodenas, F.; Monedero, P.; Hidalgo Martinez, F.; Yepes Temino, M. J.; Marti Nez Simon, A.; de Abajo Larriba, A.; Lisi, A.; Perez, G.; Martinez, R.; Granell, M.; Tatay Vivo, J.; Saiz Ruiz, C.; de Andre S Iban Ez, J. A.; Pastor, E.; Soro, M.; Ferrando, C.; Defez, M.; Aldecoa Alvares-Santullano, C.; Pere, R.; Rico, J.; Jawad, M.; Saeed, Y.; Gillberg, L.; Kazak Bengisun, Z.; Kansu Kazbek, B.; Coskunfirat, N.; Boztug, N.; Sanli, S.; Yilmaz, M.; Hadimioglu, N.; Senturk, N. M.; Camci, E.; Kucukgoncu, S.; Sungur, Z.; Sivrikoz, N.; Ustalar Ozgen, S.; Toraman, F.; Selvi, O.; Senturk, O.; Yildiz, M.; Kuvaki, B.; Gunenc, F.; Kucukguclu, S.; Ozbilgin, S. U.; Maral, J.; Canli, S.; Arun, O.; Saltali, A.; Aydogan, E.; Akgün, F. N.; Sanlikarip, C.; Mine Karaman, F.; Mazur, A.; Vorotyntsev, S.; Rousseau, G.; Barrett, C.; Stancombe, L.; Shelley, B.; Scholes, H.; Limb, J.; Rafi, A.; Wayman, L.; Deane, J.; Rogerson, D.; Williams, J.; Yates, S.; Rogers, E.; Pulletz, M.; Moreton, S.; Jones, S.; Venkatesh, S.; Burton, M.; Brown, L.; Goodall, C.; Rucklidge, M.; Fuller, D.; Nadolski, M.; Kusre, S.; Lundberg, M.; Everett, L.; Nutt, H.; Zuleika, M.; Carvalho, P.; Clements, D.; Creagh-Brown, B.; Watt, P.; Raymode, P.; Mohr, O.; Raj, A.; Creary, T.; Chishti, A.; Bell, A.; Higham, C.; Cain, A.; Gibb, S.; Mowat, S.; Franklin, D.; West, C.; Minto, G.; Boyd, N.; Calton, E.; Walker, R.; Mackenzie, F.; Ellison, B.; Roberts, H.; Chikungwa, M.; Jackson, C.; Donovan, A.; Foot, J.; Homan, E.; Montgomery, J.; Portch, D.; Mercer, P.; Palmer, J.; Paddle, J.; Fouracres, A.; Datson, A.; Andrew, A.; Welch, L.; Rose, A.; Varma, S.; Simeson, K.; Rambhatla, M.; Susarla, J.; Marri, S.; Kodaganallur, K.; Das, A.; Algarsamy, S.; Colley, J.; Davies, S.; Szewczyk, M.; Smith, T.; Fernandez-Bustamante, A.; Luzier, E.; Almagro, A.; Fernando, L.; Sulemanji, D.; Sprung, J.; Weingarten, T.; Kor, D.; Scavonetto, F.; Tze, Y.

doi:10.1097/EJA.0000000000000646

Background: Limited information exists about the epidemiology and outcome of surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and how intraoperative ventilation was managed in these patients. Objectives: To determine the incidence of surgical patients at increased risk of PPCs, and to compare the intraoperative ventilation management and postoperative outcomes with patients at low risk of PPCs. Design: This was a prospective international 1-week observational study using the 'Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia risk score' (ARISCAT score) for PPC for risk stratification. Patients and Setting: Adult patients requiring intraoperative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals across 29 countries. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of patients at increased risk of PPCs based on the ARISCAT score. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative ventilatory management and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 9864 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The incidence of patients at increased risk was 28.4%. The most frequently chosen tidal volume (V T ) size was 500 ml, or 7 to 9 ml kg -1 predicted body weight, slightly lower in patients at increased risk of PPCs. Levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were slightly higher in patients at increased risk of PPCs, with 14.3% receiving more than 5 cmH 2 O PEEP compared with 7.6% in patients at low risk of PPCs (P < 0.001). Patients with a predicted preoperative increased risk of PPCs developed PPCs more frequently: 19 versus 7%, relative risk (RR) 3.16 (95% confidence interval 2.76 to 3.61), P < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays. The only ventilatory factor associated with the occurrence of PPCs was the peak pressure. Conclusion: The incidence of patients with a predicted increased risk of PPCs is high. A large proportion of patients receive high V T and low PEEP levels. PPCs occur frequently in patients at increased risk, with worse clinical outcome.

Epidemiology, practice of ventilation and outcome for patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications: LAS VEGAS - An observational study in 29 countries

Schultz, Marcus J.;Hemmes, Sabrine N. T.;Neto, Ary Serpa;Binnekade, Jan M.;Canet, Jaume;Hedenstierna, Goran;Jaber, Samir;Hiesmayr, Michael;Hollmann, Markus W.;Mills, Gary H.;Vidal Melo, Marcos F.;Pearse, Rupert;Putensen, Christian;Schmid, Werner;Severgnini, Paolo;Wrigge, Hermann;De Abreu, Marcelo Gama;Pelosi, Paolo;Kroell, W.;Metzler, H.;Struber, G.;Wegscheider, T.;Gombotz, H.;Urbanek, B.;Leva, B.;Damster, S.;Plichon, B.;Kahn, D.;Momeni, M.;Pospiech, A.;Lois, F.;Forget, P.;Grosu, I.;Poelaert, J.;van Mossevelde, V.;van Malderen, M. C.;Dylst, D.;van Melkebeek, J.;Beran, M.;de Hert, S.;De Baerdemaeker, L.;Heyse, B.;van Limmen, J.;Wyffels, P.;Jacobs, T.;Roels, N.;De Bruyne, A.;van de Velde, S.;Juros-Zovko, M.;Djonovic-Omanovic, D.;Pernar, S.;Zunic, J.;Miskovic, P.;Zilic, A.;Kvolik, S.;Ivic, D.;Azenic-Venzera, D.;Skiljic, S.;Vinkovic, H.;Oputric, I.;Juricic, K.;Frkovic, V.;Kopic, J.;Mirkovic, I.;Karanovic, N.;Carev, M.;Dropulic, N.;Pavicic-Ṧaric, J.;Erceg, G.;Bogdanovic Dvorcak, M.;Mazul-Sunko, B.;Pavicic, A. M.;Goranovic, T.;Maldini, B.;Radocaj, T.;Gavranovic, Z.;Mladic-Batinica, I.;Sehovic, M.;Stourac, P.;Harazim, H.;Smekalova, O.;Kosinova, M.;Kolacek, T.;Hudacek, K.;Drab, M.;Brujevic, J.;Vitkova, K.;Jirmanova, K.;Volfova, I.;Dzurnakova, P.;Liskova, K.;Dudas, R.;Filipsky, R.;El Kafrawy, S.;Hosny Abdelwahab, H.;Metwally, T.;Abdel-Razek, A.;El-Shaarawy, A. M.;Fathy Hasan, W.;Gouda Ahmed, A.;Yassin, H.;Magdy, M.;Abdelhady, M.;Mahran, M.;Herodes, E.;Kivik, P.;Oganjan, J.;Aun, A.;Sormus, A.;Sarapuu, K.;Mall, M.;Karjagin, J.;Futier, E.;Petit, A.;Gerard, A.;Marret, E.;Solier, M.;Prades, A.;Krassler, J.;Merzky, S.;Uhlig, C.;Kiss, T.;Bundy, A.;Bluth, T.;Güldner, A.;Spieth, P.;Scharffenberg, M.;Tran Thiem, D.;Koch, T.;Treschan, T.;Schaefer, M.;Bastin, B.;Geib, J.;Weiss, M.;Kienbaum, P.;Pannen, B.;Gottschalk, A.;Konrad, M.;Westerheide, D.;Schwerdtfeger, B.;Simon, P.;Reske, A.;Nestler, C.;Valsamidis, D.;Stroumpoulis, K.;Antholopoulos, G.;Andreou, A.;Karapanos, D.;Theodoraki, K.;Gkiokas, G.;Tasoulis, M. K.;Sidiropoulou, T.;Zafeiropoulou, F.;Florou, P.;Pandazi, A.;Tsaousi, G.;Nouris, C.;Pourzitaki, C.;Bystritski, D.;Pizov, R.;Eden, A.;Pesce, C. V.;Campanile, A.;Marrella, A.;Grasso, S.;De Michele, M.;Bona, F.;Giacoletto, G.;Sardo, E.;Giancarlo, L.;Sottosanti, V.;Solca, M.;Volta, C. A.;Spadaro, S.;Verri, M.;Ragazzi, R.;Zoppellari, R.;Cinnella, G.;Raimondo, P.;La Bella, D.;Mirabella, L.;D'antini, D.;Molin, A.;Brunetti, I.;Gratarola, A.;Pellerano, G.;Sileo, R.;Pezzatto, S.;Montagnani, L.;Pasin, L.;Landoni, G.;Zangrillo, A.;Beretta, L.;Di Parma, A. L.;Tarzia, V.;Dossi, R.;Sassone, M. E.;Sances, D.;Tredici, S.;Spano, G.;Castellani, G.;Delunas, L.;Peradze, S.;Venturino, M.;Arpino, I.;Sher, S.;Tommasino, C.;Rapido, F.;Morelli, P.;Vargas, M.;Servillo, G.;Cortegiani, A.;Raineri, S. M.;Montalto, F.;Russotto, V.;Giarratano, A.;Baciarello, M.;Generali, M.;Cerati, G.;Leykin, Y.;Bressan, F.;Bartolini, V.;Zamidei, L.;Brazzi, L.;Liperi, C.;Sales, G.;Pistidda, L.;Brugnoni, E.;Musella, G.;Bacuzzi, A.;Muhardri, D.;Gecaj-Gashi, A.;Sada, F.;Bytyqi, A.;Karbonskiene, A.;Aukstakalniene, R.;Teberaite, Z.;Salciute, E.;Tikuisis, R.;Miliauskas, P.;Jurate, S.;Kontrimaviciute, E.;Tomkute, G.;Xuereb, J.;Bezzina, M.;Borg, F. J.;Wiersma, I.;Bos, L.;Boer, C.;Duvekot, A.;In't Veld, B.;Werger, A.;Dennesen, P.;Severijns, C.;de Jong, J.;Hering, J.;van Beek, R.;Ivars, S.;Jammer, I.;Breidablik, A.;Skirstad Hodt, K.;Fjellanger, F.;VicoAvalos, M.;Mellin-Olsen, J.;Andersson, E.;Shafi-Kabiri, A.;Molina, R.;Wutai, S.;Morais, E.;Tareco, G. R.;Ferreira, D.;Amaral, J.;Gonçalves Castro, M. L.;Cadilha, S.;Appleton, S.;Parente, S.;PAULINO GOMES CORREIA, MARIA DULCE;Martins, D.;Monteirosa, A.;GARCIA DE CASTRO INSUA, RICARDO ANTONIO;Rodrigues, S.;Horhota, L.;Grintescu, I. M.;Mirea, L.;Grintescu, I. C.;Corneci, D.;Negoita, S.;Dutu, M.;Popescu Garotescu, I.;Filipescu, D.;Prodan, A. B.;Droc, G.;Fota, R.;Popescu, M.;Tomescu, D.;Petcu, A. M.;Tudoroiu, M. I.;Moise, A.;Guran, C. T.;Gherghina, I.;Costea, D.;Cindea, I.;Copotoiu, S. M.;Copotoiu, R.;Barsan, V.;Tolcser, Z.;Riciu, M.;Moldovan, G. S.;Veres, M.;Gritsan, A.;Kapkan, T.;Gritsan, G.;Korolkov, O.;Kulikov, A.;Lubnin, A.;Ovezov, A.;Prokoshev, P.;Lugovoy, A.;Anipchenko, N.;Babayants, A.;Komissarova, I.;Zalina, K.;Likhvantsev, V.;Fedorov, S.;Lazukic, A.;Pejakovic, J.;Mihajlovic, D.;Kusnierikova, Z.;Zelinkova, M.;Bruncakova, K.;Polakovicova, L.;Sobona, V.;Novak-Supe, B.;Pekle-Golez, A.;Jovanov, M.;Strazisar, B.;Markovic-Bozic, J.;Novak-Jankovic, V.;Voje, M.;Grynyuk, A.;Kostadinov, I.;Spindler-Vesel, A.;Moral, V.;Unzueta, C.;Puigbo, C.;Fava, J.;Moret, E.;Rodriguez Nunez, M. N.;Sendra, M.;Brunelli, A.;Rodenas, F.;Monedero, P.;Hidalgo Martinez, F.;Yepes Temino, M. J.;Marti Nez Simon, A.;de Abajo Larriba, A.;Lisi, A.;Perez, G.;Martinez, R.;Granell, M.;Tatay Vivo, J.;Saiz Ruiz, C.;de Andre S Iban Ez, J. A.;Pastor, E.;Soro, M.;Ferrando, C.;Defez, M.;Aldecoa Alvares-Santullano, C.;Pere, R.;Rico, J.;Jawad, M.;Saeed, Y.;Gillberg, L.;Kazak Bengisun, Z.;Kansu Kazbek, B.;Coskunfirat, N.;Boztug, N.;Sanli, S.;Yilmaz, M.;Hadimioglu, N.;Senturk, N. M.;Camci, E.;Kucukgoncu, S.;Sungur, Z.;Sivrikoz, N.;Ustalar Ozgen, S.;Toraman, F.;Selvi, O.;Senturk, O.;Yildiz, M.;Kuvaki, B.;Gunenc, F.;Kucukguclu, S.;Ozbilgin, S. U.;Maral, J.;Canli, S.;Arun, O.;Saltali, A.;Aydogan, E.;Akgün, F. N.;Sanlikarip, C.;Mine Karaman, F.;Mazur, A.;Vorotyntsev, S.;Rousseau, G.;Barrett, C.;Stancombe, L.;Shelley, B.;Scholes, H.;Limb, J.;Rafi, A.;Wayman, L.;Deane, J.;Rogerson, D.;Williams, J.;Yates, S.;Rogers, E.;Pulletz, M.;Moreton, S.;Jones, S.;Venkatesh, S.;Burton, M.;Brown, L.;Goodall, C.;Rucklidge, M.;Fuller, D.;Nadolski, M.;Kusre, S.;Lundberg, M.;Everett, L.;Nutt, H.;Zuleika, M.;Carvalho, P.;Clements, D.;Creagh-Brown, B.;Watt, P.;Raymode, P.;Mohr, O.;Raj, A.;Creary, T.;Chishti, A.;Bell, A.;Higham, C.;Cain, A.;Gibb, S.;Mowat, S.;Franklin, D.;West, C.;Minto, G.;Boyd, N.;Calton, E.;Walker, R.;Mackenzie, F.;Ellison, B.;Roberts, H.;Chikungwa, M.;Jackson, C.;Donovan, A.;Foot, J.;Homan, E.;Montgomery, J.;Portch, D.;Mercer, P.;Palmer, J.;Paddle, J.;Fouracres, A.;Datson, A.;Andrew, A.;Welch, L.;Rose, A.;Varma, S.;Simeson, K.;Rambhatla, M.;Susarla, J.;Marri, S.;Kodaganallur, K.;Das, A.;Algarsamy, S.;Colley, J.;Davies, S.;Szewczyk, M.;Smith, T.;Fernandez-Bustamante, A.;Luzier, E.;Almagro, A.;Fernando, L.;Sulemanji, D.;Sprung, J.;Weingarten, T.;Kor, D.;Scavonetto, F.;Tze, Y.

2017-01-01

Abstract

Background: Limited information exists about the epidemiology and outcome of surgical patients at increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs), and how intraoperative ventilation was managed in these patients. Objectives: To determine the incidence of surgical patients at increased risk of PPCs, and to compare the intraoperative ventilation management and postoperative outcomes with patients at low risk of PPCs. Design: This was a prospective international 1-week observational study using the 'Assess Respiratory Risk in Surgical Patients in Catalonia risk score' (ARISCAT score) for PPC for risk stratification. Patients and Setting: Adult patients requiring intraoperative ventilation during general anaesthesia for surgery in 146 hospitals across 29 countries. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was the incidence of patients at increased risk of PPCs based on the ARISCAT score. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative ventilatory management and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 9864 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The incidence of patients at increased risk was 28.4%. The most frequently chosen tidal volume (V T ) size was 500 ml, or 7 to 9 ml kg -1 predicted body weight, slightly lower in patients at increased risk of PPCs. Levels of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were slightly higher in patients at increased risk of PPCs, with 14.3% receiving more than 5 cmH 2 O PEEP compared with 7.6% in patients at low risk of PPCs (P < 0.001). Patients with a predicted preoperative increased risk of PPCs developed PPCs more frequently: 19 versus 7%, relative risk (RR) 3.16 (95% confidence interval 2.76 to 3.61), P < 0.001) and had longer hospital stays. The only ventilatory factor associated with the occurrence of PPCs was the peak pressure. Conclusion: The incidence of patients with a predicted increased risk of PPCs is high. A large proportion of patients receive high V T and low PEEP levels. PPCs occur frequently in patients at increased risk, with worse clinical outcome.