Paroxysmal Nonepileptic Events in Children: A Video Gallery and a Guide for Differential Diagnosis

Purpose of ReviewParoxysmal nonepileptic events (PNEEs) are a heterogenous group of time-limited events, characterized by changes in motor or behavioral activity beginning abruptly and ending in a short time. Owing to their manifestation, these conditions can clinically simulate seizures.Recent FindingsThese episodes belong to different categories, including syncopal events, psychiatric disorders, and movement disorders. PNEEs are a common cause of diagnostic mistakes and families' concerns, and the risk of useless and sometimes even injurious treatment is considerable. The high frequency of these manifestations in clinical practice makes PNEEs a diagnostic challenge for clinicians.SummaryThis review is focused on the distinctive clinical findings and treatment of PNEEs. Illustrative video recordings of the PNEEs and a video collection as a support tool for differential diagnosis are provided.