Neurodevelopmental Outcome at 3 Years of Age in Very Low Birth Weight Infants According to Brain Development and Lesions

Background: During the last decades, severe brain lesions affecting very low birth weight (<1500 gr, VLBW) infants were gradually substituted by milder lesions with debatable prognoses. Objective: The objective of this study is to define type, frequency and 3 years of neurodevelopmental outcome of prematurity-related brain lesions in a modern cohort of VLBW infants. Methods: VLBW infants admitted to our NICU in 5 years period with brain MRI at term-equivalent age were included. MRI scans were reviewed to identify and grade white matter lesions (WML), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH). Linear measurements of brain size, biparietal width (BPW) and trans-cerebellar diameter (TCD) were carried out. Total maturation score (TMS) was calculated. Developmental Coefficients (DQ) on Griffiths Scale at 3 years of age were compared between patients with different types and grades of lesions and patients without lesions; possible correlations between linear brain measurements, brain maturation and outcome were explored. Results: Study included 407 patients. Of them, 187 (46%) had at least one brain lesion on MRI, while 37 (9%) had severe lesions. The most frequent lesion was IVH (28%), followed by WML (21%) and CBH (17%). Mild and severe IVH, moderate and severe WML and all grades of CBH were related to worst outcome at 3 years. In patients without lesions, small BPW and small TCD were associated with worse outcomes. No correlations were observed between TMS and outcome. Conclusion: We have observed that even mild brain lesions have a negative influence on neurological outcome at 3 years of age.