A Machine-Learning-Based Approach for Natural Gas Futures Curve Modeling

This work studies the term structure dynamics in the natural gas futures market, focusing on the Dutch Title Transfer Facility (TTF) daily futures prices. At first, using the whole dataset, we compared the in-sample fitting performance of three models: the four-factor dynamic Nelson–Siegel–Svensson (4F-DNSS) model, the five-factor dynamic De Rezende–Ferreira (5F-DRF) model, and the B-spline model. Our findings suggest that B-spline is the method that achieves the best in-line fitting results. Then, we turned our attention to forecasting, using data from 20 January 2011 to 13 May 2022 as the training set and the remaining data, from 16 May to 13 June 2022, for day-ahead predictions. In this second part of the work we combined the above mentioned models (4F-DNSS, 5F-DRF and B-spline) with a Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NAR-NN), asking the NAR-NN to provide parameter tuning. All the models provided accurate out-of-sample prediction; nevertheless, based on extensive statistical tests, we conclude that, as in the previous case, B-spline (combined with an NAR-NN) ensured the best out-of-sample prediction.