The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: Design, Upgrade, and Production

Aiello, S.; Albert, A.; Garre, S. A.; Aly, Z.; Ambrosone, A.; Ameli, F.; Andre, M.; Androutsou, E.; Anguita, M.; Aphecetche, L.; Ardid, M.; Ardid, S.; Atmani, H.; Aublin, J.; Badaracco, F.; Bailly-Salins, L.; Bardacova, Z.; Baret, B.; Bariego, A.; Du Pree, S. B.; Becherini, Y.; Bendahman, M.; Benfenati, F.; Benhassi, M.; Benoit, D. M.; Berbee, E.; Bertin, V.; Biagi, S.; Boettcher, M.; Bonanno, D.; Boumaaza, J.; Bouta, M.; Bouwhuis, M.; Bozza, C.; Bozza, R. M.; Branzas, H.; Bretaudeau, F.; Bruijn, R.; Brunner, J.; Bruno, R.; Buis, E. J.; Buompane, R.; Busto, J.; Caiffi, B.; Calvo, D.; Campion, S.; Capone, A.; Carenini, F.; Carretero, V.; Cartraud, T.; Castaldi, P.; Cecchini, V.; Celli, S.; Cerisy, L.; Chabab, M.; Chadolias, M.; Champion, C.; Chen, A.; Cherubini, S.; Chiarusi, T.; Circella, M.; Cocimano, R.; Coelho, J.; Coleiro, A.; Colonges, S.; Coniglione, R.; Coyle, P.; Creusot, A.; Cuttone, G.; Dallier, R.; Darras, Y.; De Benedittis, A.; de Jong, M.; de Jong, P.; De Martino, B.; de Wolf, E.; Decoene, V.; Del Burgo, R.; Del Rosso, I.; Di Cerbo, U. M.; Di Mauro, L. S.; Di Palma, I.; Diaz, A.; Martin, C. D.; Diego-Tortosa, D.; Distefano, C.; Domi, A.; Donzaud, C.; Dornic, D.; Dorr, M.; Drakopoulou, E.; Drouhin, D.; Dvornicky, R.; Eberl, T.; Eckerova, E.; Eddymaoui, A.; Eff, M.; El Bojaddaini, I.; El Hedri, S.; Enzenhofer, A.; Ferrara, G.; Filipovic, M.; Filippini, F.; Franciotti, D.; Antonio Fusco, L.; Gabella, O.; Gabriel, J. -L.; Gagliardini, S.; Gal, T.; Garcia Mendez, J.; Garcia Soto, A. A.; Oliver, C. G.; Geisselbrecht, N.; Ghaddari, H.; Gialanella, L.; Gibson, B. K.; Giorgio, E.; Goos, I.; Goswami, P.; Goupilliere, D.; Gozzini, S. R.; Gracia, R.; Graf, K.; Guidi, C.; Guillon, B.; Gutierrez, M.; Heijboer, A.; Hekalo, A.; Hennig, L.; Hernandez-Rey, J. -J.; Ibnsalih, W. I.; Illuminati, G.; Jansweijer, P.; Jung, B. J.; Kalaczynski, P.; Kalekin, O.; Katz, U.; Khatun, A.; Kistauri, G.; Kopper, C.; Kouchner, A.; Kueviakoe, V.; Kulikovskiy, V.; Kvatadze, R.; Labalme, M.; Lahmann, R.; Larosa, G.; Lastoria, C.; Lazo, A.; Le Stum, S.; Lehaut, G.; Leonora, E.; Lessing, N.; Levi, G.; Clark, M. L.; Litrico, P.; Longhitano, F.; Manczak, J.; Majumdar, J.; Malerba, L.; Mamedov, F.; Manfreda, A.; Marconi, M.; Margiotta, A.; Marinelli, A.; Markou, C.; Martin, L.; Martinez-Mora, J. A.; Marzaioli, F.; Mastrodicasa, M.; Mastroianni, S.; Micciche, S.; Miele, G.; Migliozzi, P.; Migneco, E.; Minutoli, S.; Mitsou, M. L.; Mollo, C. M.; Gallegos, L. M.; Morga, M.; Moussa, A.; Mateo, I. M.; Muller, R.; Musico, P.; Musone, M. R.; Musumeci, M.; Navas, S.; Nayerhoda, A.; Nicolau, C. A.; Nkosi, B.; Fearraigh, B. O.; Oliviero, V.; Orlando, A.; Oukacha, E.; Paesani, D.; Gonzalez, J. P.; Papalashvili, G.; Parisi, V.; Pastor, E.; Paun, A.; Pavalas, G. E.; Pellegrini, G.; Martinez, S. P.; Perrin-Terrin, M.; Perronnel, J.; Pestel, V.; Pestes, R.; Piattelli, P.; Poire, C.; Popa, V.; Pradier, T.; Prado, J.; Pulvirenti, S.; Quemener, G.; Quiroz, C.; Rahaman, U.; Randazzo, N.; Randriatoamanana, R.; Razzaque, S.; Rea, I. C.; Real, D.; Riccobene, G.; Robinson, J.; Romanov, A.; Saina, A.; Greus, F. S.; Samtleben, D. F. E.; Losa, A. S.; Sanfilippo, S.; Sanguineti, M.; Santonastaso, C.; Santonocito, D.; Sapienza, P.; Schmelling, J. -W.; Schnabel, J.; Schumann, J.; Schutte, H.; Seneca, J.; Sennan, N. -E.; Setter, B.; Sgura, I.; Shanidze, R.; Sharma, A.; Shitov, Y.; Simkovic, F.; Simonelli, A.; Sinopoulou, A.; Smirnov, M.; Spisso, B.; Spurio, M.; Stavropoulos, D.; Stekl, I.; Taiuti, M.; Tayalati, Y.; Thiersen, H.; Melo, I. T. E.; Tragia, E.; Trocme, B.; Tsourapis, V.; Tzamariudaki, E.; Vacheret, A.; Melchor, A. V.; Valsecchi, V.; van Beveren, V.; van Eeden, T.; van Eijk, D.; Van Elewyck, V.; van Haren, H.; Vannoye, G.; Vasileiadis, G.; De Sola, F. V.; Verilhac, C.; Veutro, A.; Viola, S.; Vivolo, D.; Wilms, J.; Ramirez, H. Y.; Zarpapis, G.; Zavatarelli, S.; Zegarelli, A.; Zito, D.; de Dios Zornoza, J.; Zuniga, J.; Zywucka, N.

doi:10.3390/electronics13112044

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module also includes calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout, and data acquisition. The power board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and ten prototypes were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began, resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced and deployed, which total 828 as of October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board, to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. The validation of a pre-production series has been completed, and a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation, and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests conducted to ensure safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea throughout the observatory’s lifespan.