Graphene-based materials for wastes, biomass and CO2 valorization in catalysis: A technological perspective via molten salt synthesis

The exfoliation of graphite to graphene is one of the main methods of graphene production. In this paper, we provide an overview of the main molten salt methods for the exfoliation of graphite to graphene, including thermal and electrochemical exfoliation of graphite in molten salt. The fundamental mechanism of these methods is discussed in detail, along with the characterization techniques and instruments used to analyze the produced graphene. Additionally, the principles of eutectic salt mixtures, which play a crucial role in the exfoliation process, are discussed. The utilization of graphene-based materials in catalysis, particularly in the CO 2 and biomass valorization to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals, has been reviewed. The molten salt method is a simple and efficient way to produce graphene-based materials by using a molten salt medium to exfoliate the graphite. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the use of molten salt for the exfoliation of graphite to graphene, including their benefits and limitations.