The Overall Collection Efficiency of Catching‐Type Precipitation Gauges in Windy Conditions

The wind-induced bias of catching-type precipitation measurement instruments is quantified using Computational Fluid Dynamics with embedded liquid (raindrops) and solid (snowflakes) particle tracking. The performance of six common commercial gauges having different outer geometry is compared under a range of Precipitation Intensity (PI) and wind speed conditions by means of the numerically calculated catch ratios. Validation of the simulated aerodynamic behavior and its effect on water drop trajectories is provided by previous wind tunnel experiments. The functional dependence of the overall collection efficiency on the PI is derived as a quantitative measure of the instrument performance under a wind climatology with a uniform probability density function. Instruments with aerodynamic design produce a less pronounced diversion of hydrometeor trajectories-at any given size-than those having more traditional geometry. For liquid precipitation measurements, chimney-shaped instruments rank low, while inverted conical and Nipher shielded instruments are quite performant solutions. The investigated quasi-cylindrical gauges have intermediate behavior depending on their detailed aerodynamic features. For solid precipitation, all instruments rank low at light to moderate PI, except the Nipher shielded gauge. Results allow selecting the appropriate instrument for the local precipitation climatology at the measurement site and can be used to apply suitable adjustments to the measured precipitation.The wind induced bias of six common precipitation gauges is quantified using Computational Fluid Dynamics with embedded particle trackingOverall collection efficiency trends with precipitation intensity show that the gauge performance varies according to its outer geometryResults allow selecting appropriate gauge models for the local precipitation climatology and applying adjustments to the measured data