Mind the gap: IgG4-related disease mimicking infectious cerebral mass lesions

Background Cerebral intraparenchymal masses represent usually a neoplastic, or infectious differential diagnostic workup in neurology or infectious disease units. Case presentation Our patient was an 82-year-old male presenting with seizures, cerebral masses and a history of past treated pulmonary tuberculosis. Initial workup included a differential diagnosis of an infectious mass/multiple abscess. After exclusion of infectious or primary neoplastic origins by negative HIV serology, the absence of immune suppression, endocarditic lesions, negative results of blood cultures and bronchoalveolar lavage, negative cerebrospinal fluid workout on spinal tap led to exclusion of infectious causes. A surgical procedure was performed to access one of the lesions. This yielded a firm, cyst-like mass of histiocytic granulomatous tissue with a conspicuous plasmacellular component and a relevant IgG4 plasmacellular component consistent with IgG4-related disease. Steroid treatment determined conspicuous improvement and led to discharge of the patient. Conclusion Parenchymal IgG4-related disease may be included as a new entity in the differential diagnosis of single or multiple cerebral masses in addition to infectious or neoplastic etiology.