Fundamental care: An evolutionary concept analysis

Aim: To report an analysis of the concept of fundamental care in the literature. Design: An evolutionary concept analysis. Data sources: PubMed and CINAHL Complete databases were consulted using the key terms: fundamental care, fundamentals of care, essential care, basic nursing care and basic care revised. Articles published from 2008 to 2022, in English and Italian, in scholarly/peer-reviewed nursing journals were included. Methods: Rodgers's Evolutionary Method of concept analysis was used. Our thematic analysis yielded common themes related to the concept, antecedents, attributes and consequences of fundamental care. Results: A total of 50 articles were analysed. Thirty-eight attributes were identified, such as integration of care, patient and family centred care and trusting relationship; eight antecedents including nursing care, nursing practice and care context; and 17 consequences including the safety, quality and consistency of care. Conclusion: This review of literature reveals that there is no consistent definition of the concept of 'fundamental care'. Findings from this exploration of the literature emphasized the importance of communication, the contextual environment, leadership influence and nurse-patient relationship in providing effective and high-quality fundamental care. Our definition of this concept may help nurse leaders in practice, research, education, management and policy to promote and enhance the application of fundamental care. Impact: What problem did the study address? While numerous studies examine fundamental nursing care, various terms are used with no consensus on definitions emerging. Given the relevance of this topic, reaching a clear and agreed definition of fundamental care is essential. What were the main findings? Fundamental care encompasses the importance of communication, the contextual environment, leadership influence and nurse-patient relationship in providing effective and high-quality care. Where and on whom will the research have an impact? This definition of fundamental care will assist nurse leaders and researchers to promote and enhance the examination and application of fundamental care in clinical practice to ensure better care outcomes across all healthcare settings.