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IRIS
INTRODUCTION
Research in sport and exercise science suggested that both placebo and nocebo can influence sport performance (1), with effect ranging from small to moderate (2). Most of studies proposed as treatment nutritional ergogenic aids or peripheral stimulation. However, a more ecological approach lowered into a conventional training session, could exploit some parts of the training itself to administer placebo/nocebo effect. The aim of the present study was to test the effect on the running performance of a placebo/nocebo treatment consisting in conditioning manipulation plus verbal suggestion.
METHODS
Thirty-nine active young students (mean age 22±0.9) were randomly assigned to CONTROL group, PLACEBO group and NOCEBO group. The experiment consisted in 3 sessions. During TEST Session participants performed the Cooper test to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness. During SESSION 1, they performed a high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol till exhaustion (30s all-out, with 2 min of passive recovery) preceded by a conventional warm-up (20min, running and dynamic stretching). During SESSION 2, warm up consisted in the FIFA 11+ (20min, running and balance exercises) (3), and was used as conditioning treatment. Participants’ expectancy about warm-up efficacy in not-changing/improving/worsening the following HITT performance was manipulated through verbal suggestion in CONTROL/PLACEBO/NOCEBO groups. At last, during the HIIT rest-period a surreptitious manipulation, consisting in none/positive/negative verbal feedback about the current performance, was administered to CONTROL/PLACEBO/NOCEBO group. The time to exhaustion (TTE) and total running distance (TRD) were considered as performance outcome. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA+]) were used to determine whether participants reached the exhaustion. ANOVA was applied to evaluate normally-distributed parameters, whilst non parametric analysis were applied to not-normally distributed data.
RESULTS
TTE and TRD values of the PLACEBO group significantly increased in SESSION 2 with respect to SESSION 1 whilst they significantly decreased in NOCEBO group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Further, TTE (p<0.05) and TRD (p<0.01) in SESSION 2 of the PLACEBO group was significantly higher than those of NOCEBO group. No differences appeared in the CONTROL group. No differences among groups and session were found in RPE, HR and [LA+].
CONCLUSION
The innovative placebo/nocebo treatment proposed in this study succeeded to improve/worsen the running performance of active young adult. These results provide insight on the interaction between the athlete’s cognitive domain and the running performance and pave the way for the application of combined cognitive/motor strategies during training.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects induced by a High-Intensity Continuous Training (HI-CT) and three High-Intensity Interval Training regimes (HIITs) in young active students. The assessment of internal training load through the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at iso-time was also a focus.
Methods: Fifteen active university students (age: 21.0±1.1 ys, height: 1.74±0.9 m, weight: 64.8±12.9 kg, VO2max 48.1±7.5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) performed an incremental treadmill test to assess VO2max and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Then, each participant performed, on testing sessions, separated by a minimum of 72 h and in a randomized order, one HI-CT session at 95% MAS for 8 minutes and three different HIIT sessions (10s-20s, 30s-30s, 50s-30s) with a work phase at 95% MAS and an active recovery at 40% MAS for 16 minutes. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), time spent near or above 90%VO2max (T@90%VO2max) and blood lactate concentration ([La]+) were measured. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE), by the Borg’s CR 10 scale, was used to assess the subjective level of fatigue experienced at the end of each testing session.
Results: The statistical analysis revealed that VO2peak, HRpeak, T@90%VO2max, and RPE values in 10-20 HIIT were significantly lower compared to 30-30 and 50-30 HIIT regimes (p always <0.001). In HI-CT session VO2peak, HRpeak, T@90%VO2max were significantly higher than in 10-20 and 30-30 sessions (p<0.0001 and p<0.05). Blood lactate values were significantly higher in HI-CT and in 50-30 and 30-30 HIITs, compared to 10-20 protocol. Finally, internal workload in HI-CT and 50-30 HIIT was significantly higher than those in 30-30 (p<0.01) and 10-20 (p<0.0001) HIIT sessions.
Conclusions: Our results show that in active young subjects a HI-CT and a long work interval HIIT regime (50-30) represent an optimal training stimulus to elicit higher physiological and metabolic responses compared to short work interval HIIT regimes (30-30 and 10-20), being the most effective for stressing both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Coaches can choose and balance the level of aerobic/anaerobic energy requirements and neuromuscular engagement associated with the three HIIT regimes and a HI-CT protocol based on the expected physiological and metabolic adaptations as well as neuromuscular characteristic and ability level of the athlete/subject individual profile.
Acute Physiological, Metabolic and Perceptual Responses to different High-Intensity Interval Training formats
INTRODUCTION
Research in sport and exercise science suggested that both placebo and nocebo can influence sport performance (1), with effect ranging from small to moderate (2). Most of studies proposed as treatment nutritional ergogenic aids or peripheral stimulation. However, a more ecological approach lowered into a conventional training session, could exploit some parts of the training itself to administer placebo/nocebo effect. The aim of the present study was to test the effect on the running performance of a placebo/nocebo treatment consisting in conditioning manipulation plus verbal suggestion.
METHODS
Thirty-nine active young students (mean age 22±0.9) were randomly assigned to CONTROL group, PLACEBO group and NOCEBO group. The experiment consisted in 3 sessions. During TEST Session participants performed the Cooper test to evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness. During SESSION 1, they performed a high intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol till exhaustion (30s all-out, with 2 min of passive recovery) preceded by a conventional warm-up (20min, running and dynamic stretching). During SESSION 2, warm up consisted in the FIFA 11+ (20min, running and balance exercises) (3), and was used as conditioning treatment. Participants’ expectancy about warm-up efficacy in not-changing/improving/worsening the following HITT performance was manipulated through verbal suggestion in CONTROL/PLACEBO/NOCEBO groups. At last, during the HIIT rest-period a surreptitious manipulation, consisting in none/positive/negative verbal feedback about the current performance, was administered to CONTROL/PLACEBO/NOCEBO group. The time to exhaustion (TTE) and total running distance (TRD) were considered as performance outcome. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE), maximal heart rate (HR) and blood lactate ([LA+]) were used to determine whether participants reached the exhaustion. ANOVA was applied to evaluate normally-distributed parameters, whilst non parametric analysis were applied to not-normally distributed data.
RESULTS
TTE and TRD values of the PLACEBO group significantly increased in SESSION 2 with respect to SESSION 1 whilst they significantly decreased in NOCEBO group (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Further, TTE (p<0.05) and TRD (p<0.01) in SESSION 2 of the PLACEBO group was significantly higher than those of NOCEBO group. No differences appeared in the CONTROL group. No differences among groups and session were found in RPE, HR and [LA+].
CONCLUSION
The innovative placebo/nocebo treatment proposed in this study succeeded to improve/worsen the running performance of active young adult. These results provide insight on the interaction between the athlete’s cognitive domain and the running performance and pave the way for the application of combined cognitive/motor strategies during training.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects induced by a High-Intensity Continuous Training (HI-CT) and three High-Intensity Interval Training regimes (HIITs) in young active students. The assessment of internal training load through the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at iso-time was also a focus.
Methods: Fifteen active university students (age: 21.0±1.1 ys, height: 1.74±0.9 m, weight: 64.8±12.9 kg, VO2max 48.1±7.5 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) performed an incremental treadmill test to assess VO2max and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Then, each participant performed, on testing sessions, separated by a minimum of 72 h and in a randomized order, one HI-CT session at 95% MAS for 8 minutes and three different HIIT sessions (10s-20s, 30s-30s, 50s-30s) with a work phase at 95% MAS and an active recovery at 40% MAS for 16 minutes. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), time spent near or above 90%VO2max (T@90%VO2max) and blood lactate concentration ([La]+) were measured. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE), by the Borg’s CR 10 scale, was used to assess the subjective level of fatigue experienced at the end of each testing session.
Results: The statistical analysis revealed that VO2peak, HRpeak, T@90%VO2max, and RPE values in 10-20 HIIT were significantly lower compared to 30-30 and 50-30 HIIT regimes (p always <0.001). In HI-CT session VO2peak, HRpeak, T@90%VO2max were significantly higher than in 10-20 and 30-30 sessions (p<0.0001 and p<0.05). Blood lactate values were significantly higher in HI-CT and in 50-30 and 30-30 HIITs, compared to 10-20 protocol. Finally, internal workload in HI-CT and 50-30 HIIT was significantly higher than those in 30-30 (p<0.01) and 10-20 (p<0.0001) HIIT sessions.
Conclusions: Our results show that in active young subjects a HI-CT and a long work interval HIIT regime (50-30) represent an optimal training stimulus to elicit higher physiological and metabolic responses compared to short work interval HIIT regimes (30-30 and 10-20), being the most effective for stressing both the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Coaches can choose and balance the level of aerobic/anaerobic energy requirements and neuromuscular engagement associated with the three HIIT regimes and a HI-CT protocol based on the expected physiological and metabolic adaptations as well as neuromuscular characteristic and ability level of the athlete/subject individual profile. Purpose: High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT), in a variety of forms, is today widely used to improve cardiorespiratory and metabolic function of moderately- or well-trained subjects. The aim of this study was to examine physiological and metabolic responses to three different short-bout HIIT regimes in young active subjects. Methods: Twenty healthy active university students (age: 22.80 ± 2.76 years, height: 178.85 ± 8.64 cm, body mass: 72.51 ± 11.47 kg) were enrolled in this study. They performed one incremental treadmill test to determine the VO2max and maximal aerobic speed (MAS). Then, each participant performed, on separate days, in a randomized order: 1) 15 repetitions of bouts of 10 s at 40% MAS and 10 s at 120%MAS (10-10); 2) 15 repetitions of bouts of 15 s at 40% MAS and 15 s at 120%MAS (15-15); 3) 15 repetitions of bouts of 20 s at 40% MAS and 20 s at 120%MAS (20-20). Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), volume of carbon dioxide (VCO2) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored during each session. Respiratory-exchange ratio (RER) and blood lactate concentration ([La]) were measured after the end of exercise. The psychophysiological stress was evaluated by the whole-body rating of perceived exertion (RPE), measured by the Borg’s CR 10 scale. Results: The results showed significantly lower VO2peak, VCO2 and blood lactate values in 10-10 protocol, than either in 15-15 or in 20-20 protocol (always p.001). Maximal HR values were the lowest in 10-10 (p.0001), followed by those in 15-15, which, in turn, were
lower than those in 20-20 (p.01). RER values recorded in 10-10 protocol were significantly lower than those obtained in 20-20 session (p.05). Similarly, RPE values measured at the end of 10-10 session were the lowest (always p.01), followed by those of 15-15 protocol, that were, in turn, lower than those obtained after the 20-20 regime (p.05).
Conclusions: Under our experimental conditions, 15-15 and 20-20 HIIT regimes induced significantly higher VO2peak, RER and ([La]) values, compared to those recorded during 10-10 protocol, whereas maximal HR and RPE were lower during 15-15 and 10-10 compared to 20-20. These results suggest that 15-15 is the most effective short HIIT modality for young active subjects to determine acute cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses, combined with a sustainable perception of effort, also in view of a RPE-based prescription of exercise intensity. This study investigated the effects of two High Intensity Interval Trainings (HIITs) on physiological and
metabolic responses and performance parameters, in elite adolescent rowers. Ten elite adolescent male
rowers (15.7±0.2 years) were enrolled. A randomized-crossover trial consisting of a 1500 m all-out
rowing exercise test and two HIIT sessions (Short: S-HIIT; Long: L-HIIT) matched per training volume,
was designed. The L-HIIT consisted of 4x4 min at P@90% of Peak Power Output (PPO) interspersed
with 3 min of active recovery (P@30%PPO) while the S-HIIT consisted of 25 repetitions of 30 s at
P@100%PPO interspersed with 30 s of active recovery (P@20%PPO). Physiological and metabolic
responses and rowing performance parameters were evaluated. The internal workload through the rating
of perceived exertion (RPE), was also assessed. ANOVAs were applied and significance level was set at
p<0.05. Oxygen Uptake (VO 2 ) (p<0.05), time spent per session in exercise bouts at an intensity close to
90% VO 2 max (T@90%VO 2 max) (p<0.01), Total VO 2 (TotVO 2 ) and blood lactate ([La] + ) (p<0.0001) were
significantly higher in L-HIIT than in S-HIIT. Total distance (TD) was significantly higher and PPO was
significantly lower in L-HIIT compared to S-HIIT (p<0.0001), respectively. Finally, RPE was
significantly higher in L-HIIT respect to S-HIIT (p<0.0001). Our results show that, in elite adolescent
rowers, L-HIIT stimulates both aerobic and anaerobic systems to a greater extent and with better
performance than S-HIIT. We recommend coaches to incorporate HIIT into the traditional training
program, given its effectiveness in improving cardiorespiratory parameters along with a reduced training
volume. Aim. Small-Sided Games (SSGs) represent a widely used training modality to develop concurrently physical performance and technical-tactical skills in soccer players1 as well as in other team sports2. This study aimed to compare external and internal training loads in élite junior soccer players between two different SSGs (only ball possession, SSG-POS; ball possession play, and shuttle run after the pass, SSG-SHU) and those of official matches (OM).
Methods. Ten élite young male soccer players (age 18.6±1.9 years; weight 73.1±5 kg; height 175± 1.5 cm) were recruited from Under 19 Italian professional team and monitored during 10 official championship matches of the corresponding age category. Players performed two different 5vs5 SSGs (SSG-POS and SSG-SHU) of the same duration (4x4 min–1min rest), 2 times each, in a randomized order, one per week for 4 weeks. SSGs sessions and OM data of locomotor activity were recorded using 10-Hz Global Positioning System. Total distance (TD), Distance at high speed (DHS; 14.4–19.8 km·h-1) (m), distance at very high speed (DVHS; 19.8–25.2 km·h-1) (m); average metabolic power (AMP;W·kg-1); high and very high intensity accelerations (HA; ≥2/3 m·s–2), high and very high intensity decelerations (HD; ≤–2/-3 m·s–2) and the relative distance (Drel; m·min-1) were monitored. Heart rate (HR) was continuously recorded, whereas blood lactate [La]+ was measured at the end of each SSGs session. The internal training load was assessed through the rate of perceived exertion (RPE). ANOVA was applied to statistically evaluate normally-distributed parameters, whilst non parametric statistical analysis were applied to not-normally distributed data.
Results. The comparison of locomotor activity parameters between the two SSGs formats showed that TD was higher (p<0.001) in SSG-SHU than in SSG-POS, whilst no significant differences were found in AMP, DHS, DVHS, Drel, HA, HD. HRpeak and RPE values did not differ between SSGs, while [La]+ values in SSG-SHU were significantly higher than in SSG-POS (p<0.001). The comparison between SSGs and OM showed higher values of AMP (p<0.05), HA (p<0.01) and HD (0.001) in SSGs compared to OM. DHS and DHVS values were higher in OM than in both SSGs (p<0.001), while Drel and HRpeak values did not differ between SSGs conditions and OM. Finally, internal workload measured through RPE was found to be higher (p<0.05) after OM, than after either SSG-SHU or SSG-POS.
Conclusions. This study shows that SSG-SHU induces higher total distance covered with a higher solicitation of anaerobic energy contribution compared to SSG-POS. Furthermore, our results show that in young élite soccer players both SSGs, when compared to OM, might be an effective training regime in terms of average mean power and speed-based conditioning, with greater enjoyment and lower subjective perception of effort.
High-Intensity Interval Training; Running; Physiological responses; Rating of Perceived Exertion High-Intensity Interval Training; Active students; Metabolic responses cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses, rowing performance, training, rating of perceived exertion Small-Sided Games; Young Professional Players; External and Internal WOrkload; GPS Sprint Interval Training; Verbal manipulation; Running performance
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1058358
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simulazione ASN
Il report seguente simula gli indicatori relativi alla propria produzione scientifica in relazione alle soglie ASN 2021-2023 del proprio SC/SSD. Si ricorda che il superamento dei valori soglia (almeno 2 su 3) è requisito necessario ma non sufficiente al conseguimento dell'abilitazione. La simulazione si basa sui dati IRIS e sugli indicatori bibliometrici alla data indicata e non tiene conto di eventuali periodi di congedo obbligatorio, che in sede di domanda ASN danno diritto a incrementi percentuali dei valori. La simulazione può differire dall'esito di un’eventuale domanda ASN sia per errori di catalogazione e/o dati mancanti in IRIS, sia per la variabilità dei dati bibliometrici nel tempo. Si consideri che Anvur calcola i valori degli indicatori all'ultima data utile per la presentazione delle domande.
La presente simulazione è stata realizzata sulla base delle specifiche raccolte sul tavolo ER del Focus Group IRIS coordinato dall’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e delle regole riportate nel DM 589/2018 e allegata Tabella A. Cineca, l’Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia e il Focus Group IRIS non si assumono alcuna responsabilità in merito all’uso che il diretto interessato o terzi faranno della simulazione. Si specifica inoltre che la simulazione contiene calcoli effettuati con dati e algoritmi di pubblico dominio e deve quindi essere considerata come un mero ausilio al calcolo svolgibile manualmente o con strumenti equivalenti.
