Uncertainty of the Energy Measurement Function deriving from Distortion Power Terms for a 16.7 Hz Railway

In electrified railways, harmonic active power terms can be significant in the order of the uncertainty required by the EN 50463-2 standard for power and energy measurements in railways. Nonactive power terms (encompassing reactive and distortion harmonic terms) are much more significant than the sole fundamental reactive power. This work considers the implementation of the EN 50463-2 energy measurement function, including the criteria for the significance of the measured and calculated terms, and it carries out a Monte Carlo analysis to assess the impact of harmonic power terms on the measured energy and its uncertainty.