Triple Helix in Smart Cities: A Literature Review about the Vision of Public Bodies, Universities, and Private Companies

Smart city is a recent topic, aiming at improving the quality of life of citizens in urban areas. Born like a bottom-up trend, it is now becoming crucial in urban planning in large cities all over the world. The smart city success depends on the synergic action by the triple helix key actors: public bodies, universities, and private companies. However, not ever these actors share the same smart city vision. This paper aims at individuating similarities and differences in key actors smart city vision, by a large and deep literature review on both scientific papers and practitioner or institutional reports.