In neurodegenerative disorders and senescence, microglia, the brain immune cells, acquire a diseaseassociated microglia signature that may favor tissue repair in early disease state but at late stages lose its capability to restore brain homeostasis and protect neurons and oligodendrocytes from cell death. Senescent microglia exhibit a secretory associated senescence phenotype, and impaired metabolism, with depletion of NAD, which plays a central role in genome integrity and cell metabolism. Emerging evidence highlighted lower levels of NAD in senescence and neurodegenerative diseases, with consequent impairment of sirtuins’ activity. In this study we investigated changes that occur during senescence in microglia developing an in vitro model of chronically exposure (up to 30 days) to high iron concentration. Initially, iron treatment induces microglia to proliferate more, enhances phagocytosis, and increase NAD levels suggesting microglia activation. After 30 days of treatment microglia acquired a senescentlike phenotype characterized by proliferation arrest, decreased phagocytosis, upregulation of SASP markers with a significant increase in EVs production. Biochemical, transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed decreased levels in NAD and NADPH content in irontreated microglia, concomitantly to an increased expression of CD38 (the major NAD consuming enzyme). Moreover, the levels and activity of Sirtuin 6, which is downregulated in aged/senescent cells, were strongly reduced compared to control microglia. Senescence in microglia could be prevented by boosting NAD synthesis through the administration of a NAD precursor: NMN. Senescent microglia cocultured with healthy microglia induced senescent traits in healthy cells, as revealed by a significant increase in SAßGal and p21 positive cells and in reduced levels of NAD. In conclusion NAD boosting could represent a useful strategy to counteract senescence and senescence propagation to healthy microglia.
Boosting NAD in senescent microglia, a useful strategy to counteract neurodegeneration?
Cecilia Astigiano;Andrea Benzi;Santina Bruzzone;
2024-01-01
Abstract
In neurodegenerative disorders and senescence, microglia, the brain immune cells, acquire a diseaseassociated microglia signature that may favor tissue repair in early disease state but at late stages lose its capability to restore brain homeostasis and protect neurons and oligodendrocytes from cell death. Senescent microglia exhibit a secretory associated senescence phenotype, and impaired metabolism, with depletion of NAD, which plays a central role in genome integrity and cell metabolism. Emerging evidence highlighted lower levels of NAD in senescence and neurodegenerative diseases, with consequent impairment of sirtuins’ activity. In this study we investigated changes that occur during senescence in microglia developing an in vitro model of chronically exposure (up to 30 days) to high iron concentration. Initially, iron treatment induces microglia to proliferate more, enhances phagocytosis, and increase NAD levels suggesting microglia activation. After 30 days of treatment microglia acquired a senescentlike phenotype characterized by proliferation arrest, decreased phagocytosis, upregulation of SASP markers with a significant increase in EVs production. Biochemical, transcriptome and metabolome analyses showed decreased levels in NAD and NADPH content in irontreated microglia, concomitantly to an increased expression of CD38 (the major NAD consuming enzyme). Moreover, the levels and activity of Sirtuin 6, which is downregulated in aged/senescent cells, were strongly reduced compared to control microglia. Senescence in microglia could be prevented by boosting NAD synthesis through the administration of a NAD precursor: NMN. Senescent microglia cocultured with healthy microglia induced senescent traits in healthy cells, as revealed by a significant increase in SAßGal and p21 positive cells and in reduced levels of NAD. In conclusion NAD boosting could represent a useful strategy to counteract senescence and senescence propagation to healthy microglia.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.