Teaching and Learning Landscape Ecology to Landscape Architects in Italy. Toward protective, adaptative, redundant Landscape Design

This paper provides a complete picture of the teachings related to the Landscape Ecology in the master's degree courses of Landscape Architecture, in the Italian Universities, highlighting any absences and inadequacies. Only master's degree courses have been considered, because they are actually the only educational training to the full profession of the Landscape Architect in Italy. Landscape Ecology is a fundamental discipline to understand the multi-dimensional complexity and the evolutionary trends of landscape, necessary to guide and to enrich the projecting process, adding quality control elements in landscape planning or design.