The growing awareness on climate change and pollution has brought to national and international policies aimed at promoting the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable energy systems. Among these systems, fuel cells are one of the most promising technologies, characterized by high energy conversion efficiencies and low emissions. In particular, hybrid systems based on the integration of a high temperature fuel cell with turbocharger-derived machinery have drawn the interest of academia and industry over the past decades. However, the complexity, fragility and high cost of these plants have slowed down their development, and only a few big companies were able to build complete prototypes. The technological challenges faced by the scientific community have highlighted the importance of simulations to design, test, control and analyse fuel cell hybrid systems. Based on this experience, this thesis wants to expand the current knowledge on solid oxide fuel cell hybrid systems, with a particular focus on an innovative small-scale biofueled turbocharged layout, which was introduced recently within the Bio-HyPP European project. The main goal of this thesis is to determine if this kind of system can be a viable alternative to micro gas turbine-based systems, analysing its steady-state and transient behaviour in various operating conditions. To do this, it is necessary to define the system operative constraints, and to develop a control system capable of ensuring their compliance, while optimizing the plant performance. The possibility of increasing the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell hybrid systems is finally investigated, considering the implementation of surge prevention techniques and diagnostic tools. All these activities strongly relying on simulation tools. This was possible thanks to the collaboration between the Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Simulation and Mathematical Modelling with the Thermochemical Power Group of the University of Genoa. After introducing the layout of the turbocharged fuel cell system, a detailed steady-state model of the plant is developed in Matlab®-Simulink® and used to design a strategy, based on the control of valves installed on the plant, able to comply with its many operative constraints. Then, an off-design performance analysis of the system is performed, considering simultaneously various conditions of power load and ambient temperature. This analysis is used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and to assess the capabilities of the turbocharged system. A dynamic model is created using the TRANSEO tool to study the transient behaviour of the system. Having adopted a control strategy based on the cold bypass valve, the response of the system to a valve opening step change is analysed in order to design an effective and responsive control system, able to keep the fuel cell maximum temperature constant while complying with the system constraints. Four different controllers are designed, tested on two different load variation scenarios and compared on the basis of many parameters. The final part of the thesis regards the development of innovative tools aimed at improving the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system, in particular surge prevention techniques and Bayesian belief network-based diagnosis systems. A simplified dynamic model of the turbocharged SOFC system is developed in TRANSEO, and various surge prevention techniques are tested on it: intake air conditioning, water spray at compressor inlet, air bleed and recirculation, and installation of an ejector at the compressor intake. The most effective procedures are integrated with the controller of the hybrid system and tested during a transient scenario to prevent the compressor operative point from approaching a surge condition. Bayesian belief networks aimed at diagnosing the status of SOFC hybrid systems are developed thanks to a collaboration between the University of Genoa and the Mälardalens Högskola of Västerås, Sweden. A micro gas turbine – solid oxide fuel cell system is considered for this study, but the methodology could be easily extended to turbocharged plants. The activity is carried out simulating the system on Matlab®-Simulink® and designing the Bayesian networks on Hugin Expert. Two different diagnosis systems, one for the turbomachinery and one for the fuel cell stack, are developed and tested on stationary conditions. The second one is also tested during transients and integrated with the control system to prevent degradation of the fuel cells. In conclusion, this thesis highlighted the great potential of turbocharged SOFC hybrid systems, showing high energy conversion efficiencies in a wide operative range in terms of load and ambient conditions. It also showed that the proper operation of the system is possible during various transient scenarios, implementing cascade controllers designed to act on a cold bypass valve to control the SOFC maximum temperature. Regarding the possibility of improving the reliability of these systems, surge prevention techniques based on compressor recirculation appeared as the most effective ones. Simulation results suggest that their integration with a surge precursors detection tool could avoid the occurrence of many potentially dangerous scenarios. The final part of this thesis showed that the durability of SOFC hybrid systems could be further improved thanks to Bayesian belief networks, which were proved to effectively diagnose the status of SOFC-MGT systems but could be applied to turbocharged plants as well.
La crescente consapevolezza su temi quali il cambiamento climatico e l’inquinamento atmosferico ha portato a politiche nazionali ed internazionali mirate allo sviluppo di sistemi energetici innovativi e sostenibili. Tra di essi, le fuel cell sono uno dei più promettenti, essendo caratterizzate da alte efficienze e basse emissioni. In particolare, i sistemi ibridi basati sull’integrazione di fuel cell ad alta temperatura con dispositivi derivati da turbocompressori hanno attirato l’attenzione del mondo accademico e dell’industria negli ultimi decenni. Tuttavia, la complessità, la fragilità e l’alto costo di questi impianti ha rallentato il loro sviluppo, e solo poche grandi aziende sono state in grado di realizzare prototipi completi. Le difficoltà tecniche affrontate dalla comunità scientifica hanno messo in luce l’importanza delle simulazioni per progettare, testare, controllare e analizzare i sistemi ibridi a fuel cell. Sulla base di tale esperienza, questa tesi mira ad espandere la attuale conoscenza sui sistemi ibridi a fuel cell a ossidi solidi, ponendo una particolare attenzione su un innovativo sistema turbocompresso di piccola taglia, alimentato con biogas e recentemente introdotto all’interno del progetto europeo Bio-HyPP. Lo scopo principale della tesi è determinare se questo tipo di sistema possa essere una valida alternativa ai sistemi basati su microturbine a gas, analizzando il suo comportamento in relazione a diversi scenari, sia stazionari, sia transitori. Per fare ciò, è necessario definire i vincoli operativi del sistema e sviluppare un sistema di controllo in grado di rispettarli, ottimizzando al tempo stesso le prestazioni dell’impianto. Inoltre, l’affidabilità dei sistemi ibridi può essere migliorata grazie all’implementazione di strumenti diagnostici e di procedure per prevenire il pompaggio del compressore. La parte finale della tesi è mirata allo studio di tali strumenti, al loro sviluppo e alla loro integrazione con il sistema di controllo. Tutte le attività presentate in questa tesi sono state svolte facendo affidamento su strumenti di simulazione. Ciò è stato possibile grazie alla collaborazione tra il Laboratorio di Matematica Applicata, Simulazione e Modellistica Matematica e il Thermochemical Power Group dell’Università degli Studi di Genova. Dopo aver presentato il layout del sistema a fuel cell con turbocompressore, un dettagliato modello stazionario dell’impianto sviluppato in Matlab®-Simulink® è stato utilizzato per progettare una strategia, basata sul controllo di valvole installate sull’impianto, in grado di rispettare tutti i suoi vincoli operativi. Successivamente, è stata svolta un’analisi di prestazioni in off-design, considerando allo stesso tempo diverse condizioni di carico di potenza e di temperatura ambiente. Tale analisi è stata utilizzata per confermare l’efficacia della strategia di controllo proposta, e per valutare le capacità del sistema con turbocompressore. Successivamente è stato creato un modello dinamico utilizzando lo strumento TRANSEO, in modo da studiare il comportamento del sistema durante i transitori. Avendo adottato una strategia di controllo basata sulla valvola di cold bypass, è stata analizzata la risposta del sistema ad una sua apertura a gradino, al fine di progettare un sistema di controllo efficace e reattivo, in grado di mantenere la massima temperatura di cella costante e, allo stesso tempo, di rispettare i vincoli del sistema. Sono stati progettati quattro diversi controllori, che successivamente sono stati testati su due diversi scenari di variazione di carico e confrontati sulla base di vari parametri operativi. La parte finale della tesi ha riguardato lo sviluppo di innovativi strumenti che possano aumentare l’affidabilità dei sistemi ibridi a fuel cell a ossidi solidi, in particolare tecniche di prevenzione del pompaggio e sistemi di diagnostica basati su reti Bayesiane. Un modello semplificato del sistema con turbocompressore è stato sviluppato in TRANSEO e sono state testate diverse tecniche di prevenzione del pompaggio: condizionamento del flusso d’aria, iniezione di acqua, ricircolo e bleed, installazione di un eiettore all’imbocco del compressore. Le soluzioni più efficaci sono state integrate con il controllore del sistema ibrido e sono state testate durante un transitorio per evitare che il punto operativo del compressore si avvicinasse al pompaggio. Infine, grazie ad una collaborazione tra l’Università degli Studi di Genova e la Mälardalens Högskola di Västerås, in Svezia, sono state sviluppate delle reti Bayesiane per la diagnostica di sistemi ibridi a fuel cell a ossidi solidi con microturbina a gas. Questa attività è stata svolta simulando il sistema su Matlab®-Simulink® e creando le reti Bayesiane su Hugin Expert. Due sistemi di diagnostica, uno per la microturbina e uno per la fuel cell, sono stati sviluppati e testati in condizioni stazionarie. Il secondo è stato anche testato in condizioni dinamiche e integrato con il sistema di controllo per prevenire l’usura della cella. In conclusione, questa tesi ha messo in luce il grande potenziale dei sistemi ibridi SOFC-turbocompressore, mostrando la loro alta efficienza in un ampio intervallo di condizioni operative in termini di carico elettrico e temperatura ambiente. La tesi ha anche dimostrato che è possibile garantire il corretto funzionamento di questi sistemi durante diversi scenari transitori, implementando controllori a cascata progettati per agire sulla valvola di bypass freddo per controllare la massima temperatura della cella. Per quanto riguarda la possibilità di migliorare l’affidabilità di tali sistemi, le tecniche basate sul ricircolo del compressore sono risultate essere le più efficaci per allontanare il sistema da una condizione di pompaggio. I risultati delle simulazioni mostrano come la loro integrazione con strumenti di monitoraggio possa prevenire diverse situazioni di pericolo. La parte finale della tesi ha mostrato come il deterioramento dei sistemi ibridi a SOFC possa essere limitato grazie a reti Bayesiane, che sono state utilizzate per diagnosticare accuratamente le condizioni di un sistema SOFC-microturbina a gas, ma potrebbero ugualmente essere applicate su impianti con turbocompressore.
Performance analysis and dynamics of innovative SOFC hybrid systems based on turbocharger-derived machinery
MANTELLI, LUCA
2021-05-27
Abstract
The growing awareness on climate change and pollution has brought to national and international policies aimed at promoting the development of innovative and environmentally sustainable energy systems. Among these systems, fuel cells are one of the most promising technologies, characterized by high energy conversion efficiencies and low emissions. In particular, hybrid systems based on the integration of a high temperature fuel cell with turbocharger-derived machinery have drawn the interest of academia and industry over the past decades. However, the complexity, fragility and high cost of these plants have slowed down their development, and only a few big companies were able to build complete prototypes. The technological challenges faced by the scientific community have highlighted the importance of simulations to design, test, control and analyse fuel cell hybrid systems. Based on this experience, this thesis wants to expand the current knowledge on solid oxide fuel cell hybrid systems, with a particular focus on an innovative small-scale biofueled turbocharged layout, which was introduced recently within the Bio-HyPP European project. The main goal of this thesis is to determine if this kind of system can be a viable alternative to micro gas turbine-based systems, analysing its steady-state and transient behaviour in various operating conditions. To do this, it is necessary to define the system operative constraints, and to develop a control system capable of ensuring their compliance, while optimizing the plant performance. The possibility of increasing the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell hybrid systems is finally investigated, considering the implementation of surge prevention techniques and diagnostic tools. All these activities strongly relying on simulation tools. This was possible thanks to the collaboration between the Laboratory of Applied Mathematics, Simulation and Mathematical Modelling with the Thermochemical Power Group of the University of Genoa. After introducing the layout of the turbocharged fuel cell system, a detailed steady-state model of the plant is developed in Matlab®-Simulink® and used to design a strategy, based on the control of valves installed on the plant, able to comply with its many operative constraints. Then, an off-design performance analysis of the system is performed, considering simultaneously various conditions of power load and ambient temperature. This analysis is used to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy and to assess the capabilities of the turbocharged system. A dynamic model is created using the TRANSEO tool to study the transient behaviour of the system. Having adopted a control strategy based on the cold bypass valve, the response of the system to a valve opening step change is analysed in order to design an effective and responsive control system, able to keep the fuel cell maximum temperature constant while complying with the system constraints. Four different controllers are designed, tested on two different load variation scenarios and compared on the basis of many parameters. The final part of the thesis regards the development of innovative tools aimed at improving the reliability of solid oxide fuel cell hybrid system, in particular surge prevention techniques and Bayesian belief network-based diagnosis systems. A simplified dynamic model of the turbocharged SOFC system is developed in TRANSEO, and various surge prevention techniques are tested on it: intake air conditioning, water spray at compressor inlet, air bleed and recirculation, and installation of an ejector at the compressor intake. The most effective procedures are integrated with the controller of the hybrid system and tested during a transient scenario to prevent the compressor operative point from approaching a surge condition. Bayesian belief networks aimed at diagnosing the status of SOFC hybrid systems are developed thanks to a collaboration between the University of Genoa and the Mälardalens Högskola of Västerås, Sweden. A micro gas turbine – solid oxide fuel cell system is considered for this study, but the methodology could be easily extended to turbocharged plants. The activity is carried out simulating the system on Matlab®-Simulink® and designing the Bayesian networks on Hugin Expert. Two different diagnosis systems, one for the turbomachinery and one for the fuel cell stack, are developed and tested on stationary conditions. The second one is also tested during transients and integrated with the control system to prevent degradation of the fuel cells. In conclusion, this thesis highlighted the great potential of turbocharged SOFC hybrid systems, showing high energy conversion efficiencies in a wide operative range in terms of load and ambient conditions. It also showed that the proper operation of the system is possible during various transient scenarios, implementing cascade controllers designed to act on a cold bypass valve to control the SOFC maximum temperature. Regarding the possibility of improving the reliability of these systems, surge prevention techniques based on compressor recirculation appeared as the most effective ones. Simulation results suggest that their integration with a surge precursors detection tool could avoid the occurrence of many potentially dangerous scenarios. The final part of this thesis showed that the durability of SOFC hybrid systems could be further improved thanks to Bayesian belief networks, which were proved to effectively diagnose the status of SOFC-MGT systems but could be applied to turbocharged plants as well.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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