Targeted therapies (TT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy (ICB) has dramatically changed the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM). Although targeted therapy achieved a response rate as high as 70%, most patients ultimately develop resistance and progressive disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, achieve durable responses, but in less than 40% of patients. The majority of patients receiving these treatments ultimately face progressive disease due to the development of primary of secondary resistance. Since only a fraction of patients achieve a durable benefit, the identification of predictive biomarkers is an unmet need. The objectives of our present study are: i) Identification of new molecular targets through the extensive in vitro and in vivo characterization of tumor biopsies; ii) Investigation of associations between PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2/CTLA-4 variants and tumor microenvironment immunoscore with overall survival of patients receiving TT and ICB; iii) Analysis of the immune effects of TT and ICB on NK cells and their interaction with melanoma cells. Forty-eight patients with advanced melanoma were enrolled and 33 tumor biopsies from 29 patients were analyzed. Patients received TT and/or anti-PD-1 drugs. We observed that TIM3 expression is associated with PD-1 expression, as it is exclusively expressed in CD8+/PD-1 high T cells, while both GmzB and Eomes are also expressed by CD8+/PD-1 low cells. Moreover, CD8+/PD-1 high T cells show a higher Ki67 expression, suggesting that these cells may proliferate within the tumor. CD8+/PD-1 neg/low T cells are able to produce both IFN and TNF after polyclonal stimulation, while CD8+/PD-1 high cells produce low levels of TNF, maintaining the ability to release IFN. The association between PD-1/PD-L1 variants with immune infiltrate highlighted the role of PD1.5C>T and PD-L1C>T rs2297136 SNV in CD8+ cells recruiting. In particular, genotypes harboring the allelic variant T+ modify both the rate of CD8+ PD-1 high cells and the intensity of PD-1 high expression, compared with wild type genotypes.
Le terapie a bersaglio molecolare (targeted therapies, TT) e l’immunoterapia con anticorpi immunomodulanti (immune checkpoint blockers, ICB) hanno rivoluzionato la terapia del melanoma metastatico (MM). Sebbene con utilizzo delle TT siano stati ottenuti tassi di risposta superiori al 70%, il tasso di recidiva e lo sviluppo di resistenze è ancora molto alto. Gli ICB, in particolare gli anticorpi monoclonali anti-PD-1, producono risposte durature, ma solo meno del 40% dei pazienti ottiene una risposta. La maggior parte dei pazienti trattati con questi farmaci va incontro a progressione della malattia dovuta a resistenza primaria o acquisita. Inoltre, poiché queste nuove terapie sono efficaci solo su una frazione di pazienti, vi è la necessità di identificare biomarcatori associati alla risposta. Gli obiettivi del presente studio sono: i) Identificare nuovi bersagli molecolari per la terapia del MM attraverso la caratterizzazione esaustiva in vitro e in vivo di mutazioni riscontrate nei campioni bioptici; ii) Correlare le varianti geniche di PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2/CTLA-4 e il profilo immunologico (immunoscore) del microambiente tumorale, con la sopravvivenza (overall survival) dei pazienti sottoposti a targeted therapy (TT) e terapie immunomodulanti (ICB); iii) Analizzare gli effetti immunomodulanti esercitati dalle targeted therapies (TT) e dagli anticorpi monoclonali (ICB) sulle cellule NK e sulle interazioni NK-melanoma. Sono stati arruolati 48 pazienti con melanoma avanzato non pretrattato o resistente a precedente terapia con ICB o TT. Sono state analizzate 33 biopsie di metastasi di melanoma cutaneo appartenenti a 29 pazienti, trattati, secondo pratica clinica, con inibitori di BRAF e MEK e/o con anticorpi anti-PD-1. I risultati ottenuti indicano che l’espressione di TIM3 correla con i livelli di espressione di PD-1 in quanto è esclusivamente espresso dai T CD8+/PD-1 high, mentre sia GmzB che Eomes risultano espressi anche da cellule T CD8+/PD-1 low. Inoltre, le cellule T CD8+/PD-1 high mostrano anche una più alta espressione di Ki67 suggerendo che queste cellule sono in grado di proliferare all’interno del tumore. Inoltre, i linfociti T CD8+/PD-1 neg/low sono in grado di produrre sia IFN che TNF dopo stimolazione policlonale, mentre i linfociti T CD8+/PD-1 high producono bassi livelli di TNF, pur mantenendo la capacità di rilasciare IFN. La correlazione dell’infiltrato linfocitario con le varianti geniche di PD-1 e PD-L1 ha evidenziato un ruolo degli SNV PD1.5C>T e PD-L1C>T rs2297136 nel reclutamento, nelle biopsie cutanee, di linfociti T CD8+ esprimenti vari livelli di PD-1. In particolare, i genotipi portatori della variante allelica T+ modificano sia la percentuale di linfociti T CD8+ PD-1 high che l’intensità di espressione di PD-1 high (aumentate per il primo SNV e diminuite per il secondo rispettivamente), rispetto ai genotipi wild type.
Analisi fenotipica e funzionale dell’infiltrato linfocitario in biopsie di metastasi di melanoma, in pazienti in terapia con farmaci a bersaglio molecolare e/o inibitori dei checkpoint immunologici
SPAGNOLO, FRANCESCO
2020-05-19
Abstract
Targeted therapies (TT) and immune checkpoint inhibitors immunotherapy (ICB) has dramatically changed the treatment of metastatic melanoma (MM). Although targeted therapy achieved a response rate as high as 70%, most patients ultimately develop resistance and progressive disease. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies, achieve durable responses, but in less than 40% of patients. The majority of patients receiving these treatments ultimately face progressive disease due to the development of primary of secondary resistance. Since only a fraction of patients achieve a durable benefit, the identification of predictive biomarkers is an unmet need. The objectives of our present study are: i) Identification of new molecular targets through the extensive in vitro and in vivo characterization of tumor biopsies; ii) Investigation of associations between PD-1/PD-L1/PD-L2/CTLA-4 variants and tumor microenvironment immunoscore with overall survival of patients receiving TT and ICB; iii) Analysis of the immune effects of TT and ICB on NK cells and their interaction with melanoma cells. Forty-eight patients with advanced melanoma were enrolled and 33 tumor biopsies from 29 patients were analyzed. Patients received TT and/or anti-PD-1 drugs. We observed that TIM3 expression is associated with PD-1 expression, as it is exclusively expressed in CD8+/PD-1 high T cells, while both GmzB and Eomes are also expressed by CD8+/PD-1 low cells. Moreover, CD8+/PD-1 high T cells show a higher Ki67 expression, suggesting that these cells may proliferate within the tumor. CD8+/PD-1 neg/low T cells are able to produce both IFN and TNF after polyclonal stimulation, while CD8+/PD-1 high cells produce low levels of TNF, maintaining the ability to release IFN. The association between PD-1/PD-L1 variants with immune infiltrate highlighted the role of PD1.5C>T and PD-L1C>T rs2297136 SNV in CD8+ cells recruiting. In particular, genotypes harboring the allelic variant T+ modify both the rate of CD8+ PD-1 high cells and the intensity of PD-1 high expression, compared with wild type genotypes.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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