Third Mission and Intellectual Capital External Dimension: The Implications in the European University Planning Process

Purpose: This chapter investigates the extent to which European higher education institutions (HEIs) formalise and measure third-mission activities in their planning documents, adopting an intellectual capital (IC) perspective. The third mission's dimensions—technology transfer, continuing education, and public engagement—are closely tied to the external components of IC (human, organisational, and social capital). Design/methodology/approach – Using a validated third mission dictionary, a content analysis is conducted on the planning documents of 25 European HEIs in Italy, the United Kingdom, and France. Findings – The results indicate that the third mission's lack of a clear definition and measurement framework limits its formalisation and disclosure in HEIs. While the third mission has evolved to encompass both economic and social impacts, its formalisation remains predominantly linked to its economic aspects. Originality/value – This chapter provides a novel perspective by linking third mission activities to the external dimension of IC. As knowledge-based institutions, HEIs place high importance on IC, and this approach underscores the strategic relevance of the third mission. Implications – The chapter highlights best practices and offers actionable recommendations for universities aiming to improve third-mission measures. It also provides policymakers and public managers with insights into enhancing third-mission disclosure and its integration into HEIs’ strategic planning.