This thesis focuses on evaluative sentences introduced by the neuter article (Lo bueno es que… [The good thing is…] / Lo que me molesta es que… [what bothers me is]) and takes as a starting point the existence of mutually exclusive theories on the use of indicative and subjunctive. Certain references defend that the selection of one mood or another implies a variation of the distribution of theme and rheme in the sentences; others, instead, claim that the subordinate clause always constitutes the rhematic information, regardless of the mood of its verb. This work aims at solving this conflict on a level of Linguistic Theory, determine how it has affected the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) and provide an initial didactic solution. For this purpose, we have conducted: a corpus-based analysis; an analysis of native speakers’ perception; an analysis of SFL curricular guidelines; an analysis of a corpus of SFL handbooks and grammars; and a proposal for updating the curricular guidelines. As for the corpus study, we used the 0.93 version of Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI [Spanish Corpus of the 21st Century] ran by RAE, from which we extracted a total of 10725 occurrences. The obtained data demonstrate that, depending on the adjective or verb introduced by the neuter article, in the vast majority of cases, mood selection clearly tends to the exclusive use of either indicative or subjunctive. This has been interpreted as the final stage of a simplification process of the alternation, in which mood is acquiring the function of a concordant morpheme, id est., a semantically empty element imposed by syntax. Such a circumstance is only compatible with the theory that associates the rhematic information to the subordinate clause regardless of the mood of its verb. With regard to the study of native speakers' perception, it aims to support, through a different methodological perspective, the conclusions of the corpus study. To carry it out, ten evaluative sentences with lo were presented to 338 native Spanish speakers from Spain, asking them to identify the focal information. The results demonstrate that the absolute majority of participants identified the most important information in the subordinate clause in all the sentences, regardless of the mood of its verb. Therefore, once again, the association between mood and informative structure is discarded, and the conjecture that poses that the rheme is always represented by the subordinate segment is further validated. Concerning the analysis of SFL curricular guidelines, we have examined the Instituto Cervantes Curricular Plan. In particular, we have analyzed the sections which should contemplate the syntactical, semantic and pragmatic components of the evaluative sentences with 'lo'. Our analysis revealed that the existence of mutually exclusive theories manifests itself in the fact that the curriculum extensively treats evaluative sentences without the neuter article (Es bueno que… [it is good that…] / Me molesta que… [it bothers me that…]), while mentions of sentences with 'lo' are quantitatively scarce, unclear and lack of the intertextual links that characterize the work. Regarding the analysis of teaching materials, 63 manuals and grammars ranging from levels B2 to C2 were examined. The results demonstrate that the lack of clear curricular guidelines is reflected in the content of pedagogical materials. In fact, nearly all the texts avoid including specific information about patterns such as 'Lo bueno es que…' / 'Lo que me molesta es que…' [the good thing is… / what bothers me is…], exclusively presenting sentences of the type Es bueno que… / Me molesta que… [it is good that… / it bothers me that…]. Additionally, the few textbooks that do contemplate sentences with lo are imprecise and inconsistent with each other. With respect to the proposal of curriculum modification, its purpose is to contribute to ensuring content coherence among the SFL handbook and grammars. The work is structured into three phases: formulation, gradation, and systematization. In the first phase, we derived from quantitative corpus data a grammatical rule that adheres to the principle of didactic efficiency. Subsequently, the nuances of the rule are distributed across the various levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), based on the frequency with which specific adjectives or verbs appear in constructions with lo. Finally, the content of the rule and its gradation are incorporated into the various inventories of the Instituto Cervantes Curricular Plan. To ensure that the proposal is easily implementable, the systematization process takes into account the curriculum's conceptual pillars: its taxonomic nature, its coherence based on cross-references between inventories, and the principle that each level specifies exclusively new content in relation to previous levels.
La presente tesi si concentra sulle frasi valutative introdotte dal determinante neutro (Lo bueno es que… [la cosa buon è che...] / Lo que molesta es que… [la cosa che mi da fastidio è che…]) e si sviluppa a partire dall'esistenza di teorie contrastanti riguardo l'alternanza tra indicativo e congiuntivo. Alcuni autori sostengono che la scelta di uno dei due modi implica una variazione nella distribuzione del tema e del rema nella frase; mentre altri sostengono che la proposizione subordinata sostantiva costituisce sempre l'informazione rematica, indipendentemente dal modo del suo verbo. Questo lavoro si prefissa come obbiettivo risolvere questo conflitto a livello di Linguistica Teorica, valutare le ripercussioni che ha avuto nell'insegnamento dello Spagnolo come Lingua Straniera (SLS) e fornire una prima soluzione didattica. Per raggiungere questo obbiettivo, abbiamo realizzato: uno studio di corpus; uno studio della percezione di parlanti nativi; un’analisi delle direttrici curriculari di SLS; un’analisi di un corpus di manuali e grammatiche pedagogiche e una proposta di aggiornamento delle disposizioni curriculari. Per quanto riguarda lo studio di corpus, abbiamo utilizzato la versione 0.93 del Corpus del español del Siglo XXI [Corpus dello spagnolo del ventunesimo secolo], estraendo un totale di 10725 occorrenze. L’analisi dei dati ottenuti dimostra che, nella grande maggior parte dei casi, la selezione modale presenta una evidente tendenza all’uso esclusivo di un solo modo. Ciò rappresenta una fase di culminazione di un processo di semplificazione dell’alternanza in virtù del quale il modo sta acquisendo lo status di morfema concordante, ovvero un elemento semanticamente vuoto e imposto dalla sintassi. Tale circostanza è compatibile unicamente con la teoria que prevede una distribuzione delle funzioni informative (subordinata-rema) fissa e indipendente dal modo del suo verbo. Rispetto allo studio della percezione dei parlanti nativi, pretende confermare, attraverso una seconda prospettiva metodologica, le conclusioni dello studio di corpus. Per realizzarlo, abbiamo sottoposto dieci frasi valutative introdotte dall’articolo neutro al giudizio di 338 parlanti nativi della Spagna, chiedendogli di identificare in esse l’informazione focale. I risultati dimostrano che la maggioranza assoluta dei partecipanti ha riconosciuto l’informazione più importante nella clausola subordinata di tutte le frasi, indipendentemente dal modo del suo verbo. In virtù di ciò, deve escludersi nuovamente l’associazione tra piano informativo e modo e validare ulteriormente la congettura per cui il rema è sempre rappresentato dal segmento subordinato. Per quanto concerne l'analisi delle linee guida curriculari, ci si è concentrati sul Piano Curricolare dell'Istituto Cervantes. Nello specifico, abbiamo esaminato le sezioni dell'opera che dovrebbero affrontare gli aspetti sintattici e semantico-pragmatici delle frasi valutative con lo. È emerso che l'esistenza di teorie contrastanti si manifesta nel fatto che il curriculum tratta in modo esteso le frasi valutative senza l'articolo neutro (Es bueno que… [È buono che…]/ Me molesta que…[Mi dà fastidio che…]), mentre i riferimenti alle frasi con lo sono molto sporadici, poco approfonditi e non includono i collegamenti intertestuali che caratterizzano l'opera. In relazione all'analisi dei materiali didattici, sono stati esaminati 63 manuali e grammatiche compresi tra i livelli B2 e C2. I risultati dimostrano che la mancanza di direttive curriculari chiare si riflette nel contenuto dei testi pedagogici. Infatti, quasi tutti i libri evitano di includere informazioni specifiche riguardo alle frasi con l’articolo neutro 'Lo bueno es que…' [La cosa buona è…] / 'Lo que me molesta es que…' [La cosa che mi dà fastidio è…]), presentando esclusivamente frasi del tipo 'Es bueno que…' [È buono che…] / 'Me molesta que…' [Mi da fastidio che…]. Inoltre, si è constatato che le poche opere che trattano le frasi con lo risultano poco precise e contraddittorie tra loro. Riguardo alla proposta di aggiornamento curricolare, pretende di contribuire a garantire la coerenza dei contenuti di grammatiche e manuali didattici. Il lavoro è strutturato in tre fasi: formulazione, gradazione e sistematizzazione. Nella prima fase, si deriva dai dati quantitativi di corpus una regola grammaticale che rispetta il principio del pragmatismo didattico. Successivamente, le sfumature della regola sono distribuite nei vari livelli del Quadro Comune Europeo di Riferimento (QCER) in base alla frequenza con cui determinati aggettivi o verbi compaiono in costruzioni con lo. Infine, il contenuto della regola e la sua graduazione vengono incorporati nei vari inventari del Piano Curriculare dell’Istituto Cervantes. Per assicurare che la proposta sia di facile implementazione, il processo di sistematizzazione tiene conto dei pilastri concettuali del curriculum: la sua natura tassonomica, la sua coerenza basata su riferimenti incrociati tra gli inventari e il principio per cui in ogni livello si specifica esclusivamente il contenuto nuovo rispetto ai livelli precedenti.
Estudio lingüístico-didáctico de la selección modal en las oraciones valorativas con 'lo' en español
LOPORCARO, FABIO
2024-02-19
Abstract
This thesis focuses on evaluative sentences introduced by the neuter article (Lo bueno es que… [The good thing is…] / Lo que me molesta es que… [what bothers me is]) and takes as a starting point the existence of mutually exclusive theories on the use of indicative and subjunctive. Certain references defend that the selection of one mood or another implies a variation of the distribution of theme and rheme in the sentences; others, instead, claim that the subordinate clause always constitutes the rhematic information, regardless of the mood of its verb. This work aims at solving this conflict on a level of Linguistic Theory, determine how it has affected the teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL) and provide an initial didactic solution. For this purpose, we have conducted: a corpus-based analysis; an analysis of native speakers’ perception; an analysis of SFL curricular guidelines; an analysis of a corpus of SFL handbooks and grammars; and a proposal for updating the curricular guidelines. As for the corpus study, we used the 0.93 version of Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI [Spanish Corpus of the 21st Century] ran by RAE, from which we extracted a total of 10725 occurrences. The obtained data demonstrate that, depending on the adjective or verb introduced by the neuter article, in the vast majority of cases, mood selection clearly tends to the exclusive use of either indicative or subjunctive. This has been interpreted as the final stage of a simplification process of the alternation, in which mood is acquiring the function of a concordant morpheme, id est., a semantically empty element imposed by syntax. Such a circumstance is only compatible with the theory that associates the rhematic information to the subordinate clause regardless of the mood of its verb. With regard to the study of native speakers' perception, it aims to support, through a different methodological perspective, the conclusions of the corpus study. To carry it out, ten evaluative sentences with lo were presented to 338 native Spanish speakers from Spain, asking them to identify the focal information. The results demonstrate that the absolute majority of participants identified the most important information in the subordinate clause in all the sentences, regardless of the mood of its verb. Therefore, once again, the association between mood and informative structure is discarded, and the conjecture that poses that the rheme is always represented by the subordinate segment is further validated. Concerning the analysis of SFL curricular guidelines, we have examined the Instituto Cervantes Curricular Plan. In particular, we have analyzed the sections which should contemplate the syntactical, semantic and pragmatic components of the evaluative sentences with 'lo'. Our analysis revealed that the existence of mutually exclusive theories manifests itself in the fact that the curriculum extensively treats evaluative sentences without the neuter article (Es bueno que… [it is good that…] / Me molesta que… [it bothers me that…]), while mentions of sentences with 'lo' are quantitatively scarce, unclear and lack of the intertextual links that characterize the work. Regarding the analysis of teaching materials, 63 manuals and grammars ranging from levels B2 to C2 were examined. The results demonstrate that the lack of clear curricular guidelines is reflected in the content of pedagogical materials. In fact, nearly all the texts avoid including specific information about patterns such as 'Lo bueno es que…' / 'Lo que me molesta es que…' [the good thing is… / what bothers me is…], exclusively presenting sentences of the type Es bueno que… / Me molesta que… [it is good that… / it bothers me that…]. Additionally, the few textbooks that do contemplate sentences with lo are imprecise and inconsistent with each other. With respect to the proposal of curriculum modification, its purpose is to contribute to ensuring content coherence among the SFL handbook and grammars. The work is structured into three phases: formulation, gradation, and systematization. In the first phase, we derived from quantitative corpus data a grammatical rule that adheres to the principle of didactic efficiency. Subsequently, the nuances of the rule are distributed across the various levels of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), based on the frequency with which specific adjectives or verbs appear in constructions with lo. Finally, the content of the rule and its gradation are incorporated into the various inventories of the Instituto Cervantes Curricular Plan. To ensure that the proposal is easily implementable, the systematization process takes into account the curriculum's conceptual pillars: its taxonomic nature, its coherence based on cross-references between inventories, and the principle that each level specifies exclusively new content in relation to previous levels.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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