New scientific discoveries increasingly depend on exceptional devices and research programs. Investments in Research & Development are growing all over the world - according to the UNESCO Science Report 2021 - and more and more concerned those two aspects. The efforts of individual nations fall within the framework of international cooperation to meet the huge costs - both in terms of funds and the number of researchers needed. In this context, the structures dedicated to scientific research - special and unusual plants and equipment - are becoming steadily more important. While they become the fulcrum of scientific activities, they also make their way into the collective imagination of public opinion, animating the debate (regarding both the huge investments and the strategy to manage them) and amazing with the extraordinary results they can achieve. This PhD thesis focuses on the special structures for scientific research, Big Science. They are pretty unknown outside the scientific community, apart from the relative fame of a few of them. Concerning Architecture, this is an unprecedented study. The Big Science species has been investigated here for progressive levels of in-depth analysis, up to the specific study of three structures of global resonance: the Gran Sasso National Laboratories (LNGS), the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The thesis has three parts, marking the methodological approach adopted. The scheme foresees a concise introduction of the context (Part I), the construction of basic knowledge (Part II), and finally, the analytical-critical discussion (Part III). In this way, using the authority principle too, the thesis addresses the programmatic purpose of the thesis - appropriating Big Science, through the process of sublimation of its characters - and develops two scenarios to complete simultaneously continue the research work. The inquiry starts from the evolution of the bond between science and architecture. It is due to the scientific nature of the structures and the architectural character of the research; besides, the two disciplines have significant intersections which are interesting to understand. Therefore, Part I introduces some contextual factors related to Big Science without claiming to be exhaustive. In fact, it was more consistent with the purpose of the thesis to present a series of facts and qualified topics, both following a temporal progression and highlighting transversal topics. The themes dealt with in this initial phase, perhaps less important than the following ones, somehow constitute an applicable constellation to represent the general climate in which the objects of the thesis and their study are inserted. After that, the construction of basic knowledge on the subject takes place within Part II. The path moves forward in progressive stages, deepening specific characteristics. Defined the species called “Big Science,” there is the sampling of thirty cases of remarkable structures, according to a taxonomic approach and thanks to introductory insets. Classifying the leading and most recurrent categories, presented in the most salient features, precedes the collection. Then the study becomes analytical, starting from the definition of three typologies; in fact, there are three typologies identified on the characteristics of the structures - infrastructure, machine, and laboratory. However, the number of typologies of experiences exploring the main structures (LNGS, ITER, and CERN) is also three. Presenting and comparing these experiences allows underlining some circumstances that conditioned the research. In fact, dealing with unpublished circumstances has meant in some way to develop a new approach and, in this sense, to face a challenge of which it may be helpful to give some elements. The concluding chapters of Part II are dedicated to each of the three main case studies for an examination as complete and exhaustive as possible. The final part (III) develops and concludes the work on knowledge and appropriation. It is marked by the process of sublimation of Big Science's structures. It is a way of declining what is known as aestheticization or transfiguration even in the architectural field. The first step is using the authority principle of some Master of Architecture to introduce forms and methods of aestheticization and appropriation of elements and themes previously unrelated to the discipline. Then the experience of space in Big Science is critically analyzed: after clarifying the concept of space, some significant elements and factors from the case studies are linked to the perceptual phenomena. This allows going beyond the simple knowledge of structures, activating a mechanism of appropriation to the field of architecture. Above all, it means triggering the reaction defined as "sublimation": originally the phase transition of a simple substance or a chemical composite from the solid-state to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state. Here sublimation becomes the analytical-critical method, similarly to the paranoic-critical method of Salvator Dalì, then recalled by Rem Koolhaas. The starting chemical composite is the structures of Big Science, as a solid-state; along with the perception of spatial and aesthetic phenomena, the transition to the gaseous state is ideally achieved. The last chapter suggests two scenarios as the thesis' conclusion. Both represent the completion and, at the same time, the continuation of its aims. The first scenario is the one that ideally closes the chemical process, realizing the inverse sublimation from the gaseous state back to the solid one. It is not possible directly in the context of the thesis. However, it requires a different exercise, as the references to the Masters show: where a process of aestheticization - or even transfiguration - takes place, this does not happen as an analytic-critical fact but involves, ultimately, a project – design or theory. The work of knowledge and appropriation carried out by the thesis provides a material that can crystallize into new aesthetics through the multiple forms of the project. The second scenario sees Big Science in strategic and territorial terms. This approach is latent within the research, but this criticality was found in most of cases considered, even beyond the sampling carried out. The choice to keep this theme in the background wants to put the consistency of Big Science at the center, believing that it is needed to fully appropriate these structures before addressing any strategic-territorial discourse that concerns them. They are a fulcrum at every scale. Therefore, the second scenario represents a further possible fallout of the thesis. In the relationship with the landscape context, operational potentials can be glimpsed. These structures should not be treated as random extras in the territorialization processes but should be born from the idea of becoming an added value of a new landscape also elaborated through them. The nature of this added value passes through the identity of the structures; from the scientific essence to how this took shape and, finally, to how it can be interpreted differently. On a strategic and territorial level, the references to Claude Parent and his work with the Collège des architectes du nucléaire, but also Rino Tami's work for the Ticino motorways, show the potential of a project, including an architectural one, which concerns unexpected fields, possibly even with regulatory repercussions. Therefore, Big Science needs to free itself from the logic of isolation and concealment of machines, without being estranged from the absolute consistency of the structures, which can have, as shown within the thesis, not only a charm but a precise aesthetic value, such as to be able to establish new aesthetics.
Le nuove scoperte scientifiche sono connesse sempre più spesso a dispositivi fuori dal comune e a programmi di ricerca impostati sul principio della cooperazione internazionale. Gli investimenti in Research & Development sono in crescita in tutto il mondo – secondo l’Unesco Science Report 2021 – e riguardano in misura sempre maggiore queste due direttrici: gli sforzi delle singole nazioni rientrano in un quadro di iniziative sempre più ampio, quale soluzione per sostenerne i costi altrimenti proibitivi – non solo economici, ma anche rispetto all’impegno delle comunità scientifiche dei ricercatori. In questo contesto, le strutture dedicate alla ricerca scientifica – impianti e attrezzature per lo più speciali e del tutto fuori dal comune – stanno diventando sempre più rilevanti. Man mano che consolidano la propria centralità in ambito scientifico, si fanno strada anche nell’immaginario collettivo dell’opinione pubblica, animando un dibattito che riguarda sia gli ingenti investimenti necessari che la strategia per gestirli, oltre a stupire con gli straordinari risultati che sono in grado di raggiungere. La tesi ha per oggetto di studio le strutture speciali per la ricerca scientifica, la Big Science. Si tratta di casi che al di fuori della comunità scientifica restano poco conosciuti, a parte la relativa notorietà di alcuni di loro. Per l’architettura si tratta di uno studio inedito. La specie della Big Science è stata indagata per livelli progressivi di approfondimento, fino allo studio specifico di tre strutture di rilevanza mondiale: i Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), l’International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) e la European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). La tesi è articolata in tre parti, secondo l’approccio metodologico adottato. Lo schema prevede una sintetica introduzione del contesto (Parte I), la costruzione delle basi della conoscenza (Parte II) e infine la discussione analitico-critica (Parte III). Applicandosi in questo senso e facendo utile ricorso al principio di autorità, la tesi affronta l’obiettivo programmatico della tesi – appropriarsi della Big Science, attraverso un processo di sublimazione dei suoi caratteri – ed elabora due scenari a completamento e insieme prosecuzione del lavoro di ricerca. Considerando sia le caratteristiche dell’oggetto della ricerca che la natura architettonica del punto di vista adottato, è parso naturale iniziare dall’evoluzione del legame tra scienza e architettura. La Parte I introduce, quindi, alcuni elementi di contesto alla questione della Big Science, senza pretese di esaustività. È stato più coerente, invece, presentare una serie di fatti e di temi qualificati, sia seguendo una progressione temporale che evidenziando argomenti trasversali. Gli aspetti toccati in questa fase iniziale, con un peso specifico forse inferiore alle successive, costituiscono in qualche modo una costellazione utile a rappresentare il clima generale in cui si inseriscono gli oggetti della tesi e il loro studio. Successivamente si procede alla costruzione della conoscenza di base sull’oggetto della tesi – all’interno della Parte II. La logica seguita è quella della progressiva discesa di scala, chiarendo via via i termini caratteristici di ogni approfondimento e partendo anzitutto dall’espressione “Big Science” e dalla definizione complessiva della specie. L’approccio è dapprima tassonomico, con la campionatura di trenta casi di strutture notevoli, illustrate attraverso schede introduttive; la raccolta è preceduta dalla messa in evidenza delle categorie principali e maggiormente ricorrenti, presentate nei tratti più salienti. In seguito, lo studio diventa analitico, a partire dalla definizione di tre tipologie; infatti, tre sono le tipologie individuate dal punto di vista dei caratteri delle strutture – infrastruttura, macchina e laboratorio. Tuttavia, sono tre anche le tipologie di esperienze avute durante l’esplorazione delle strutture maggiormente approfondite (LNGS, ITER e CERN); presentare e confrontare queste esperienze consente di sottolineare alcune circostanze che hanno condizionato il lavoro. Infatti, confrontarsi con oggetti inediti ha significato in qualche modo approntare un approccio inedito e, in questo senso, affrontare una sfida di cui può essere utile dare alcuni elementi. A ciascuno dei tre casi studio principali sono dedicati i capitoli conclusivi della Parte II, per una disamina quanto più completa ed esaustiva possibile. La parte finale della tesi porta a conclusione il lavoro di conoscenza e di appropriazione ed è segnata dal processo di sublimazione a cui si considerano sottoposte le strutture della Big Science. Si tratta della figura utilizzata per declinare quelle che, anche in ambito architettonico, sono note come estetizzazioni o trasfigurazioni. Il primo passo è consistito nel fare ricorso al principio di autorità di alcuni maestri dell’architettura, in continuità con il clima introdotto nella Parte I, per introdurre forme e metodi storicizzati di operazioni di estetizzazione e di appropriazione di elementi e temi precedentemente estranei alla disciplina. Sulla scorta di questi riferimenti, si analizza criticamente l’esperienza dello spazio della Big Science. Premettendo un chiarimento sul concetto di spazio, si è poi proceduto a richiamare dai casi studio una serie di elementi e di fattori significativi nell’ambito dei fenomeni percettivi. Con questa fase si procede oltre la semplice conoscenza delle strutture, attivando un meccanismo di appropriazione a termini caratterizzanti la disciplina dell’architettura. Significa, soprattutto, innescare la reazione definita di “sublimazione”: si tratta, originariamente, della transizione di fase di una sostanza semplice o di un composto chimico dallo stato solido allo stato aeriforme, senza passare per lo stato liquido. La sublimazione diviene il metodo analitico-critico, analogamente al metodo paranoico-critico di Salvator Dalì richiamato poi da Rem Koolhaas. Il composto chimico di partenza è rappresentato dalle strutture della Big Science, quale stato solido; lungo l’analisi della percezione dei fenomeni spaziali ed estetici si realizza idealmente il passaggio allo stato aeriforme. L’ultimo capitolo indica i due scenari con cui si conclude la tesi e che rappresentano il completamento e insieme la prosecuzione dei suoi obiettivi. Il primo scenario è quello che porta idealmente a conclusione il processo chimico, realizzando la sublimazione inversa, dallo stato aeriforme nuovamente a quello solido. Ciò non è possibile direttamente nell’ambito della tesi, ma richiede un esercizio differente, come mostrano i riferimenti ai maestri: laddove un processo di estetizzazione – o anche trasfigurazione – si compie, questo non accade come fatto analitico-critico, ma comporta, in ultima analisi, un processo in qualche modo progettuale. Il lavoro di conoscenza e di appropriazione compiuto dalla tesi mette a disposizione un materiale che può cristallizzarsi in nuove estetiche attraverso le molteplici forme del progetto. Il secondo scenario vede la Big Science in termini strategici e territoriali. Si tratta di un approccio latente nell’ambito di questa ricerca, dal momento che fin da subito questo genere di questioni, intese come criticità, sono state rilevate nella stragrande maggior parte dei casi considerabili, anche al di là della campionatura effettuata; alcune circostanze specifiche sono state descritte all’interno degli approfondimenti dei tre casi di studio principali. La scelta di tenere sottotraccia questo tema vuole dare priorità alla consistenza della Big Science, credendo opportuno appropriarsi completamente di queste strutture prima di affrontare ogni discorso strategico-territoriale che li riguardi. Riconoscerle effettivamente, quindi, come centralità anche a una scala più complessiva. Il secondo scenario rappresenta, quindi, ulteriori possibili ricadute della tesi. Nel rapporto con il contesto si intravedono delle potenzialità operative, dal momento che queste strutture non andrebbero trattate come comparse casuali nei processi di territorializzazione, ma dovrebbero nascere con la prospettiva di diventare valore aggiunto di un nuovo paesaggio elaborato anche attraverso di esse. La natura di questo valore aggiunto passa attraverso l’identità delle strutture; dall’essenza scientifica al modo in cui questa ha preso forma e, infine, nel modo in cui se ne può dare una lettura diversa. Sul piano strategico e territoriale, i riferimenti a Claude Parent e al suo lavoro con il Collège des architectes du nucléaire, ma anche all’opera di Rino Tami per le autostrade ticinesi, mostrano le potenzialità di un progetto anche architettonico che riguardi ambiti inaspettati, eventualmente anche con ricadute normative. Occorre, pertanto, che la Big Science si affranchi dalla logica dell’isolamento e dell’occultamento delle macchine, senza estraniarsi dalla reale consistenza delle strutture, che possono avere, come si cerca di mostrare, non solo un fascino, ma un preciso valore estetico, tale da poter presupporre a nuove estetiche.
Big Science. Architettura e strutture speciali per la ricerca scientifica
MANDRACCIO, LUIGI
2021-10-29
Abstract
New scientific discoveries increasingly depend on exceptional devices and research programs. Investments in Research & Development are growing all over the world - according to the UNESCO Science Report 2021 - and more and more concerned those two aspects. The efforts of individual nations fall within the framework of international cooperation to meet the huge costs - both in terms of funds and the number of researchers needed. In this context, the structures dedicated to scientific research - special and unusual plants and equipment - are becoming steadily more important. While they become the fulcrum of scientific activities, they also make their way into the collective imagination of public opinion, animating the debate (regarding both the huge investments and the strategy to manage them) and amazing with the extraordinary results they can achieve. This PhD thesis focuses on the special structures for scientific research, Big Science. They are pretty unknown outside the scientific community, apart from the relative fame of a few of them. Concerning Architecture, this is an unprecedented study. The Big Science species has been investigated here for progressive levels of in-depth analysis, up to the specific study of three structures of global resonance: the Gran Sasso National Laboratories (LNGS), the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The thesis has three parts, marking the methodological approach adopted. The scheme foresees a concise introduction of the context (Part I), the construction of basic knowledge (Part II), and finally, the analytical-critical discussion (Part III). In this way, using the authority principle too, the thesis addresses the programmatic purpose of the thesis - appropriating Big Science, through the process of sublimation of its characters - and develops two scenarios to complete simultaneously continue the research work. The inquiry starts from the evolution of the bond between science and architecture. It is due to the scientific nature of the structures and the architectural character of the research; besides, the two disciplines have significant intersections which are interesting to understand. Therefore, Part I introduces some contextual factors related to Big Science without claiming to be exhaustive. In fact, it was more consistent with the purpose of the thesis to present a series of facts and qualified topics, both following a temporal progression and highlighting transversal topics. The themes dealt with in this initial phase, perhaps less important than the following ones, somehow constitute an applicable constellation to represent the general climate in which the objects of the thesis and their study are inserted. After that, the construction of basic knowledge on the subject takes place within Part II. The path moves forward in progressive stages, deepening specific characteristics. Defined the species called “Big Science,” there is the sampling of thirty cases of remarkable structures, according to a taxonomic approach and thanks to introductory insets. Classifying the leading and most recurrent categories, presented in the most salient features, precedes the collection. Then the study becomes analytical, starting from the definition of three typologies; in fact, there are three typologies identified on the characteristics of the structures - infrastructure, machine, and laboratory. However, the number of typologies of experiences exploring the main structures (LNGS, ITER, and CERN) is also three. Presenting and comparing these experiences allows underlining some circumstances that conditioned the research. In fact, dealing with unpublished circumstances has meant in some way to develop a new approach and, in this sense, to face a challenge of which it may be helpful to give some elements. The concluding chapters of Part II are dedicated to each of the three main case studies for an examination as complete and exhaustive as possible. The final part (III) develops and concludes the work on knowledge and appropriation. It is marked by the process of sublimation of Big Science's structures. It is a way of declining what is known as aestheticization or transfiguration even in the architectural field. The first step is using the authority principle of some Master of Architecture to introduce forms and methods of aestheticization and appropriation of elements and themes previously unrelated to the discipline. Then the experience of space in Big Science is critically analyzed: after clarifying the concept of space, some significant elements and factors from the case studies are linked to the perceptual phenomena. This allows going beyond the simple knowledge of structures, activating a mechanism of appropriation to the field of architecture. Above all, it means triggering the reaction defined as "sublimation": originally the phase transition of a simple substance or a chemical composite from the solid-state to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state. Here sublimation becomes the analytical-critical method, similarly to the paranoic-critical method of Salvator Dalì, then recalled by Rem Koolhaas. The starting chemical composite is the structures of Big Science, as a solid-state; along with the perception of spatial and aesthetic phenomena, the transition to the gaseous state is ideally achieved. The last chapter suggests two scenarios as the thesis' conclusion. Both represent the completion and, at the same time, the continuation of its aims. The first scenario is the one that ideally closes the chemical process, realizing the inverse sublimation from the gaseous state back to the solid one. It is not possible directly in the context of the thesis. However, it requires a different exercise, as the references to the Masters show: where a process of aestheticization - or even transfiguration - takes place, this does not happen as an analytic-critical fact but involves, ultimately, a project – design or theory. The work of knowledge and appropriation carried out by the thesis provides a material that can crystallize into new aesthetics through the multiple forms of the project. The second scenario sees Big Science in strategic and territorial terms. This approach is latent within the research, but this criticality was found in most of cases considered, even beyond the sampling carried out. The choice to keep this theme in the background wants to put the consistency of Big Science at the center, believing that it is needed to fully appropriate these structures before addressing any strategic-territorial discourse that concerns them. They are a fulcrum at every scale. Therefore, the second scenario represents a further possible fallout of the thesis. In the relationship with the landscape context, operational potentials can be glimpsed. These structures should not be treated as random extras in the territorialization processes but should be born from the idea of becoming an added value of a new landscape also elaborated through them. The nature of this added value passes through the identity of the structures; from the scientific essence to how this took shape and, finally, to how it can be interpreted differently. On a strategic and territorial level, the references to Claude Parent and his work with the Collège des architectes du nucléaire, but also Rino Tami's work for the Ticino motorways, show the potential of a project, including an architectural one, which concerns unexpected fields, possibly even with regulatory repercussions. Therefore, Big Science needs to free itself from the logic of isolation and concealment of machines, without being estranged from the absolute consistency of the structures, which can have, as shown within the thesis, not only a charm but a precise aesthetic value, such as to be able to establish new aesthetics.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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